AP2 Term exam

The electrostatic atraction between 2 positive nuclei and a shared pair of electrons. The number of bonds formed(number of pairs of electrons) is equal to the number of electrons it wants to get

The electrostatic atraction between oppositely charged ions(cation & anion)

The electrostatic attraction between positive ions(cations) and delocalised electrons

• Non-Metals • Form ionic compunds with metals • Form covalent compunds with non-metals • As you go down density and m.p./b.p. increases, reactivity decreases

• Lose 1 electrons when they form compunds • As yo go down the outer/valence electrons is further away from the nucleus so it’s easier to lose it. Therefore, reactivity increases as you go down

• Li • Soft, shiny when cut • Slowly disappears, fizzes, moves around when it reacts with water

• Na • Soft, shiny when cut • Disappears, fizzes, moves quickly melted in a ball and produces orange flame when it reacts with water

-K -Soft, shiny when cut -Produces a lilac flame when it reacts with water water

• Nitrogen: 78% • Oxygen: 21% • Carbon dioxide: 0.04% • Others: 0.9% Dry air is used to measuer composition as non-dry air contains water vapour and other compounds that could alter the measurements. Composition varies by location, time and weather conditions.

K - Potassium Na -Sodium Li -Lithium Ca - Calcium Mg - Magnesium Al - Aluminium C - Carbon Zn - Zinc Fe - Iron H - Hydrogen Cu - Copper Ag -Silver Au - Gold Pt - Platinum

Each carbon has 4 covalent bonds Giant stucture Used in drill bits and jewlery M.P./B.P:High Rigidity: Very strong Conductivity: No + Force: Nuclei - Force: Pair of electrons Cause of conductivity: No

Each carbon has 3 covalent bonds Giant Structure Used in pencil lead and lubricant for machines M.P./B.P: High Rigidity: Brittle Conductivity: When solid + Force: Nuclei - Force: Pair of electrons Cause of conductivity: Delocalised electron

Example: Oxygen gas M.P./B.P: Low Rigidity: No Conductivity: No + Force: Nuclei - Force: Pair of electrons Cause of conductivity: No

Example: Aluminium oxide M.P./B.P: High Rigidity: Brittle Conductivity: When aqueous + Force: Positive ion (cation) - Force: Negative ion(anion) Cause of conductivity: Free ions

Example: Titanium M.P./B.P: High Rigidity: Malleable Conductivity: Solid + Force: Positive ion(cation) - Force: Delocalised electron Cause of conductivity: Delocalised electron

Hollow ball of 60 carbon atoms Each carbon has 3 covalent bonds Fixed number of atoms

Gaining electrons (losing oxygen)

Losing electrons (gaining oxygen)

• Giant ionic structure • Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions • Ionic bonds are strong • Large amount of energy needed to break bonds

• Arranged in layers • Layers can slide over eachother

• An element that reacts with oxygen / forms and oxide • That (the element oxide) can react with an acid

• Galvanisation / Sacrificial protection • Barrier methods

• Sacrificial protection with zinc • Zing is more reactive than iron • Zinc reacts with oxygen instead of iron

• Using a more reactive element than iron that will react with oxygen instead