UNIT 1- acids and bases
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what is the pH scale?
it is a continuous range from below 0 to above 14
what is the pH of an acid?
LESS than 7
what is the pH of an alkali?
MORE than 7
what is the pH of pure water and neutral solution?
7
how do you measure pH?
-compare the colour of the solution to a colour chart -use electronic pH probes to accurately measure the pH
what are acids?
they are compounds which produce H+(aq) ions when dissolved in water
what are alkalis?
they are compounds which produce OH-(aq) ions when dissolved in water
what is the formula and ions present for hydrochloric acid?
formula=HCl ions present= H+(aq) & Cl-(aq)
what is the formula and ions present for sulfuric acid?
formula=H2SO4 ions present= 2H+(aq) & SO4(2-)(aq)
what is the formula and ions present for nitric acid?
formula=HNO3 ions present= H+(aq) & NO3-(aq)
what is the formula and ions present for sodium hydroxide?
formula=NaOH ions present=Na+(aq) & OH-(aq)
what is the formula and ions present for pottasium hydroxide?
formula=KOH ions present=K+(aq) & OH-(aq)
what is the formula and ions present for calcium hydroxide?
formula=Ca(OH)2 ions present=Ca2+(aq) & 2OH-(aq)
what do concentrated acids and alkalines contain?
a large amount of acid or alkali in a small volume of water
what do dilute acids and alkalines contain?
a small amount of acid or alkali in a large volume of water
what is equal in neutral solutions?
the concentration of H+(aq) ions and OH-(aq) ions
what is a reversable reaction?
it is a reaction which can proceed in both directions
what is equilibrium?
it is when the rate of the forward and reverse reactions are equal
what happens at equilibrium?
the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant, although not necessarily equal
what is the equation for equilibrium?
forward reaction(rp) = backward reaction(rb)
what happens during equilibrium in water?
water molecules are constantly breaking up to form ions which in turn are constantly combining to reform water molecules
what does equilibrium in water exist in?
it exists in pure water and all aqeous solutions
what is the equation for equilibrium in water?
H2O <-> H+(aq) + OH-(aq)
how many water molecules break up into ions? and what does this make water?
only 1 in every 55 million, therefore water is a poor conductor of electricity