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Lecture 16

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Total cards: 24•Content version: v4•Public deck•Updated: 8/1/2026

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#1
Front (Question)

Oldest sedimentary rock

Back (Answer)

3.86 billion years ago

#2
Front (Question)

Stable isotope record

Back (Answer)

Isotope fractionation

#3
Front (Question)

____ isotope is incorporated preferentially over heavy isotope

Back (Answer)

Lighter

#4
Front (Question)

Biomarkers

Back (Answer)

Molecules known only to be produced biologically

#5
Front (Question)

Stromatolites

Back (Answer)

Microbial fossils Laminated layer of filamentous microorganisms and sediment

#6
Front (Question)

Ancient stromatolies associated with light carbon and

Back (Answer)

2-methylhopanoids

#7
Front (Question)

Early life

Back (Answer)

3.5-2.5 bya

#8
Front (Question)

Ancient earth atmosphere was highly ____

Back (Answer)

Reducing (Fe2)

#9
Front (Question)

Chemical disequilibrium between hydrothermal fluid and ocean water

Back (Answer)

Potential to gain energy

#10
Front (Question)

RNA may have been the first

Back (Answer)

Self-replicating molecule

#11
Front (Question)

Self catalytic RNAs may have synthesized proteins, then eventually DNA ____ RNA as the repository for coding information

Back (Answer)

replaced

#12
Front (Question)

Evidence for ____ of ____ becomes evident 2.7-2.4 bya Reduced iron reacted with oxygen to create BIFs which are a major source of iron for mining

Back (Answer)

oxidation of iron

#13
Front (Question)

What created oxygen

Back (Answer)

oxygenic photosynthesis (splitting water to form H2 and O2) by Cyanobacteria

#14
Front (Question)

O2 reacted with UV to produce

Back (Answer)

Ozone shield

#15
Front (Question)

Produced energy for complex life (aerobes) through

Back (Answer)

Thermodynamic disequilibrium

#16
Front (Question)

Endosymbiotic events Mitochondria and chloroplast arose from ____ ____ of prokaryotes within another cell

Back (Answer)

Symbiotic association

#17
Front (Question)

The evolutionary history of a roup of organisms

Back (Answer)

Phylogenetics

#18
Front (Question)

The science of identification, classification, and nomenclature

Back (Answer)

Taxonomy

#19
Front (Question)

Early attempts to understand phylogenetics led to the

Back (Answer)

Five Kingdom System Based on Morphology Highly subjective

#20
Front (Question)

Molecular Evolution

Back (Answer)

The process of the evolution of DNA, RNA, and proteins

#21
Front (Question)

Small subunit rRNA-based phylogeny championed by

Back (Answer)

Carl Woese

#22
Front (Question)

Phylogenetics rRNA genes are perfect for organismal phylogenetics because they are

Back (Answer)

Universally distributed, functionally homologous, and slow evolving

#23
Front (Question)

Phylogenetics Immediately led to discovery of ____, collapse of the five kingdom system, and first meaningful

Back (Answer)

Archeae/Universal Tree of Life

#24
Front (Question)

Phylogeny Why use rRNA

Back (Answer)

Present in all organisms Structurally and functionally conserved Contains both conserved and variable regions