Cell Structure

• All living organisms are made up of one or more cells • Cells are the basic functional unit in living organisms • New cells are produced from pre-existing cells

surrounded by a membrane contains genetic material have chemical reactions occur within the cell that are catalysed by enzymes

How many times bigger the image of a specimen observed is compared to its actual size

x1000

x 1000

divided by 1000

1) use a ruler and measure length of scale bar convert to mm 2) convert measurements to same units as used on scale bar 3) put in formula measured length of scale bar / scale bar labelled

The ability to distinguish between objects that are close together

• Uses light to form an image • maximum resultion 0.2 micro metres • cannot be used to observe smaller organelles • maximum magnification x1500

• Uses electrons to form an image • maximum resolution 0.0002 micrometers • can be used to observe smaller organelles • maximum magnification x1500000 • specimens needs to be dead

involves the use of antibodies that have been prepared with fluorescent dyes which bind with target molecules , allowing specific molecules to be detected

a sample rapidly frozen using liquid nitrogen and then physically broken apart in a vacuum

• Involves flash freezing solutions • Frozen solutions exposed to electrons to produce images of molecules

70E

Binding and Reading of mRNA during translation to produce proteins

Controls what enters and exits the cell

protection and maintains shape

membrane -bound organelles larger ribosomes (80S)

animal cells contain centrioles and micro villi plant cells have a cell wall

• Found in plant and animal • Surface covered in ribosomes (80S) • Processes proteins made by ribosomes)

• Found in plant and animal cells • Modifies proteins and lipids before packaging them into golgi vesicles

Found in Plant and animal cells A membrane bound sac for transport

breaks down waste materials

hollow fibres made of microtubules found in all eukaryotic