ch 14
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First line host defense physical or anatomical
granulocytes
-large cytoplasmic granules -lobed nucleus (PMNs) -includes neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
agranulocytes
-no prominent granules -round, oval nucleus -lymphocytes (T and B cells) and monocytes
leukocytes vs. lymphocytes
Leukocytes = all WBCs Lymphocytes = a specific group of leukocytes
Granulocytes (PMNs): neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils which one is the major phagocyte in our immune system?
Neutrophils
Granulocytes (PMNs): neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils which one is involved in fighting parasitic infections? What is eosinophilia?
Eosinophils
eosinophilia
abnormally high eosinophil count in blood, often occurs during parasitic infection
Granulocytes (PMNs): neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils which one is involved in common allergies?
basophils
B and T maturation sites in humans
B cells: bone marrow T cells: thymus
B or T cells which is involved in humoral immunity and which ones are involved in cell-mediated immunity
B cells → Humoral immunity T cells → Cell-mediated immunity
functions of the primary (bone marrow, thymus) lymphoid organs and organs
where lymphocytes develop/mature -bone marrow -thymus
functions on the secondary (spleen, lymph nodes, etc.)
These are the places where immune responses happen when your body encounters pathogens. -lymph nodes -spleen -etc
what is GALT?
GALT is a collection of immune tissues in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that protect the body from pathogens entering through food or the gut.
what is the Peyer’s patches?
immune nodules in the small intestine that detect and respond to microbes in the gut.
The four classic signs of inflammation
Rubor: redness (vasodilation) Calor: warmth (caused by increase in blood flow) Tumor: swelling (edema, caused by fluid escaping into the tissue as blood vessels dilate); WBC’s, microbes, debris and fluid collect to form pus; help prevent the spread of infection Dolor: pain (stimulation of nerve endings)
diapedesis in leukocytes
migration of cells out of blood vessels into the tissues
chemotaxis in leukocytes
migration in response to specific chemicals at the site of injury or infection
functions of vasoactive chemical mediators
Vasoactive mediators: Cause vasodilation → more blood flow (redness, heat) Increase vascular permeability → immune cells & proteins enter tissue (swelling)
functions of chemotactic chemical mediators
Chemotactic mediators: Attract immune cells (phagocytes) to the site of infection or injury Coordinate immune response at the damaged area
what causes edema?
leakage of vascular fluid (blood bone component, exudate) into tissue; swelling
what causes pus?
accumulation of dead phagocytes, cell debris, bacteria
pyrogens
chemicals that reset the thermostat at the body temperature controlling center (hypothalamus) and increase body temperature
pyogens
Microbes or agents that cause pus formation
benefits of a fever
-Inhibits microbe and viral multiplication -reduces nutrient availability (block iron-acquisition in bacteria) -Increase metabolism and stimulates immune reaction