Chapter 11: Performance Enhancing Substances And Techniques

Nutritional aids, pharmacological aids, physiological aids

Physical appearance, to prevent and teat injuries, illnesses or diseases, peer pressure, cope with stress, increase athletic potential and bridge the genetic gap

Vitamins and minerals, protein and amino acids, carnitine, creatine, caffeine

Pain masking drugs, anabolic steroids, prohormones, human growth hormone, erythropoietin

Blood doping, drug masking

Studies have not shown improved exercise performance. Taking megadoses can be harmful. Only useful where deficiencies are present

Beneficial for muscle repair. Excess amounts is unnecessary, body will use it deficient or store as excess weight. Can produce elevated levels of urea and muscle cramps in extreme excess.

Fat burner. Claims to decrease lactate production, increase VO2 max and indices loss of body fat. Found in meat and dairy. No support for claims that it improves body composition or athletic performance

Present in normal skeletal muscle and facilitates ATP production. Claims to increase phosphor eating storage in muscle, increase speed, power and strength ( some studies prove this). May result in kidney damage and muscle cramps. Found in red and organ meats. Individuals are responders or non-responders

Increases alertness and performance, reduces fatigue. Theoretically produces dehydration. Causes nervousness and irritability.

Narcotic analgesics (morphine, heroin). Athlete may increase injury while on drug. Highly addictive.

Synthetic derivative for testosterone. Increases muscle mass and strength, decrease body fat, quicker recovery from training. No enhancement of performance. Liver damage, increased aggressiveness, masculinization.

Supposedly converts to testosterone. Side effects…acne, baldness, breast enlargement in males, aggressive behaviour

Increase muscle mass, strengthen bones, limit weight gain. Side effects…heart problems, excessive growth of hands and feet, organ enlargement, skeletal abnormalities

Natural protein produced in kidneys. Used in endurance sports. Synthetic EPO increases hemoglobin levels, which increase RBC’s ability to carry oxygen

Intravenous administration of ones blood or another to raise hemoglobin levels. About 2 units of blood removed form athlete for 6-8 weeks. Body produces more blood and them existing blood is injects 1-7 days before competition. Increased cardio respiratory endurance

Drugs are used to mask or reduce presence of banned substances. Increased amount of urine produces and therefore dilute the concentration of the banned substance