Quantum Mechanics
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What are the l (angular momentum) values for s, p, d and f?
s, l=0 p, l=1 d, l=2 f, l=3
What does l represent?
The number of nodes
What are n value for the s, p, d and f orbital?
s, n=1 p, n=2 d, n=3 f, n=4
What are the possible ml values for the s, p, d and f orbital?
s, ml=0 p, ml=-1, 0, 1 d, ml= -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 f, ml= -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3
What should sigma bonds look like?
Straight lines
What should pi bonds look like?
Parrallel lines
What is the weakest bond known and how many possible bonds can it make?
The delta bond, coming from the d-orbital and allows for quadruple and pentuple bonds.
Can the s orbital pi bond?
No.
What bond only contributes to hybridization?
The sigma bond
Particles v.s. waves
Waves diffract when they interact with a slit that is similar in size to its wavelength. Particles will either pass through or they will not.
What are the two types of interference? What is interference a characteristic of?
Constructive: In phase waves interact in an additive fashion Destructive: Out of phase waves interact in a negative way. Interference is a characteristic of waves.
What is spin a behavior of?
Particles
Describe the Heisenberg Uncertainty?
Tells us the probability of finding an electron in a given area.
What happens to the probability of finding an electron the closer you get to the nucleus according the Heisenberg Uncertainty?
The probability increases.
What is ms? What are the possible values of ms? What dictates ms?
ms is the spin quantum #. There are only two possible values which is -1/2 and +1/2. The negative refers to opposing the applied field, the positive refers to aligning with the applied field.
Describe the Pauli Exclusion Principle
No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers.
Let’s talk about the EM (Electromagnetic) spectrum! What does low energy mean in terms of wavelength and frequency and what does high energy mean?
Low energy= long wavelength, low frequency High energy=short wavelength, high frequency
What is l (angular momentum) limited by?
It is limited by n.
What does s, p, d, and f stand for?
s=sharp orbital p=principle orbital d=diffuse orbital f=fundamental orbital
How many orbitals in the s, p, d, and f?
s=1 p=3 d=5 f=7
What is equation for the complexity?
n+l
What is the multiplicity equation? What does “s” represent?
2S+1 S is the total spin angular momentum of unpaired electrons.
Describe the Aufbau principle.
Electrons fill atomic orbitals starting from the lowest energy level and gradually occupying higher energy levels until all electrons are accounted for.
Describe Hund’s Rule.
When filling subshells of an orbital with equal energy, one electron will fill each subshell before becoming double filled.