Pathology

the science of the causes and effects of diseases

Development of disease within the body

the cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition.

Structural changes caused by disease

Pathologists

Consequences of disease

the disordered physiological processes associated with disease or injury. (the study of abnormal changes in body functions that are the causes, consequences, or concomitants of disease processes.);

Infectious Physical Chemical Nutritional Genetic

Anatomic pathology is concerned with the examination of tissues and organs to diagnose diseases, while clinical pathology is focused on laboratory analysis of body fluids and tissues to diagnose and monitor diseases.

Herpes virus - causes lesions (rhinitis) - causes red discolouration of the nasal mucosa - because virus is infecting epithelial cells in nasal cavity and causing lysis of these cells and stimulating an acute inflammatory response

• To confirm most viral infections, you look for inclusion bodies and would confirm with a PCR test

Viral inclusion bodies (VIB) are made of proteins that come from the virus. They are used as a place for the virus to make copies of itself. Without inclusion bodies, viruses would not have a safe place to replicate.

Rhinitis = nasal inflammation

Actinomyces bovis is a gram-positive anaerobic bacterium that affects the the bone (lower jaw bone/mandible) in cattle. - infection causes osteomyelitis - cows gums (gingiva) that are overlying infection in mandible are discoloured

Take a tissue section, look for bacterial colonies and inflammatory cells congregating around the colonies

Dictyocaulus viviparus is a parasitic nematode (roundworm) - causes a respiratory disease known as bovine lungworm disease (or husk) - can see lungworm larvae in trachea - see darker areas of lungs as they have collapsed and become inflamed as the airways supplying them with air have become blocked with parasites, mucus and inflammatory cells.

Intestine may be ruptured by barbed wire (which was ingested) - only needs to be a very small puncture - intestinal content leakage into abdominal cavity causes peritonitis

Peritonitis occurs when the peritoneum, a thin layer of tissue that lines the inside of the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs, becomes inflamed. (Inflammation of peritoneum)

You would see fibrin (yellow material)

• fibrin is a protein that forms in acute inflammatory reaction and gums tissue together • fibrin is one of the blood clotting proteins involved in normal blood coagulation -fibrin precipitates out from fibrinogen during inflammation response

Yew tree has leaves and berry’s which are toxic, they contain several toxic compounds called taxines. Taxines affect the nervous system, leading to several symptoms, including muscle tremors, difficulty breathing, rapid heartbeat, and eventually, death.

They can develop White Muscle Disease As Vitamin E and selenium are antioxidants they protect against oxidative/free radical damage

WMD is characterised by muscle degeneration and necrosis, resulting in weakness, stiffness, and difficulty moving.

pale or white streaks or patches on the affected muscles.