Physical activity in children 1-5

Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscle that results in a substantial increase in energy expenditure above resting levels

PA that is planned, structured, repetitive and results in impovement or maintainence of ne or more facets of physical fitness

Systematic, specialised practice for a sport/ discipline for most of the year or for specific short term programmes

A set of attributes that people ave or achieve that relate to their ability to perform PA

Any waking bevaviour characterised by energy expenditure <=1.5MET while in a sitting or reclining posture

HEalth is a state of complete physcial mental and social well-being not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Establish links - Exposures and health outcomes e.g. PA/SB Measure PA/ SB - Needs an accurate measuring device Correlates/Determinants Intervention Translation into practice

Different body composition Different body size/ proportions Different thermoregulation Changes in stance Changes in caloric utilization Different physical and social developmment All mature to adult state at different rates

Neonate = birth to week 4 Infant -5 to 1 Early childhood - 1-6 (primary dentition) Middle childhood 7-10 (permanent dentition) Late childhood - pre-pubescent Adolescent - onset of puberty to maturity (about 5 years)

Changes in size of individual as a whole or in parts due to: Hypertrophy - increase in cell size Hyperplasia - increase in cell number Accretion - fusion or combining of different componenets. (increase in intracellular substances)

The process of being mature (physcially normal) or progressing towards the mature state Occurs in all organs/systems 2 components: timing and temp Wide variation in both

Biological: Relating to process of differentiation (e.g. intrauterine) Behavioural: Relating to development of competence in a variety of interrelated domains e.g. cognitive, emotional, social, moral ect (culture specific) Acquisition and refinement of behaviours expected/ set by society

All children possess the potential for a pattern of growth characteristically human; every child passes through the same stages as every other child. Tempo and timing may change WIde variation in timing tempo and magnitude

5 years difference in biological age

2

Early maturers develop more FFM, and are strong and more athletic than their peers so may enjoy/ practice sport more. Sports where being smaller is better e.g. jocky, diving, dance (aesthetic sports)

5 years

sigmoidal shape. Inititially fast, slows to age of 12, then increases again. Boys PHV = 14, girls =12

step-wise/ saltation growth Growth occurs in 24 hr periods followed by stasis periods. 2-100 days apart. Adds 0.5-2.5cm

14 - PHV in boys

Later growth spurt so 2 more years of growth (average 5cm a year from this) Stop growing later- 18yrs vs 15 Longer growth spurt More height gained per year during growth spurt (extra 2cm/yr)

Sigmoidal Doesn’t stop until later (filling out) Similar to height - difference at 14

Height is dependent on genetics (unless malnutrition). Training (lean mass) Diet PA

Rises quickly initially Descrease until age 3-7 (adiposity rebound) mean around 6. then increases to 18 years. Boys continues to increase longer “filling out”. More similar in boys are girls