Periodicity

• increasing atomic number • periods • groups

• repeating patterns • in physical or chemical properties • across different periods

• decreases • charge of nucleus increases • shielding stays the same • increased attraction to valence electron

• increases • increase shielding • increase nuclear charge

• have increased number of electrons in outer shell • more are delocalised • more mobile charge carriers

energy required to remove one electron from each atom in one mol of gaseous atoms to form 1 mol of gaseous 1+ ions

• decreases • increased shielding • increased atomic radius • increased nuclear charge is outweighed

• increases • atomic shielding decreases • increased nuclear charge • shielding remains the same • decreases g3 and g6

• s electrons provide additional shielding • valence electron more readily lost • IE decreases

• repulsion between 2 pair of p electrons • electron more readily lost • IE decreases

• increases • electrons removed from increasingly positive ion • big jumps in IE when electron is removed from shell closer to nucleus