6:Organic Chemistry I
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What is a homologous series?
A group of compounds that have the same functional group and general formula - each successive member is increased by CH2
What is the suffix for an alkane?
-ane
What is the prefix for a branched alkane?
Alkyl-
What is the suffix for an alkene?
-ene
What is the suffix for an alcohol?
-ol
What is the suffix for an aldehyde?
-al
What is the suffix for a ketone?
-one
What is the suffix for a carboxylic acid?
• oic acid
What is the prefix and suffix for a cycloalkane?
Cyclo- -ane
What are the steps of nomenclature?
1) Find the length of the stem 2) Functional group will give the suffix 3) Number the carbon chain so that the functional group sits on the lowest possible carbon 4) Make a note of the carbon number the functional group is attached to. Place this number before the suffix 5) Any side chains/less important chains are written as prefixes in alphabetical order
What is a chemical mechanism?
They are curly arrows that show the movement of electrons - the curly arrow starts from an area of electrons to an electron deficient area
What are the types of mechanisms?
• Radical substitution • Electrophilic addition • Nucleophilic substitution
What is radical substitution used for?
Reacting halogens to alkanes to make halogenoalkanes
What is electrophilic addition used for?
Adding halogen and hydrogen halides to alkenes to make halogenoalkanes
What is Nucleophilic Substitution used for?
Primary halogenoalkanes and aqueous hydroxide to make alcohols. Amines are made by reactions with ammonia
What are structural isomers?
Substances with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
What are the three different types of structural isomers?
• Chain • Positional • Functional group
What are chain isomers?
Isomers with the same molecular formula but different arrangement of the carbon skeleton
What are positional isomers?
Isomers with the same molecular formula but different position of the functional group on the carbon skeleton
What is a functional group isomer?
An isomer with the same molecular formula but different functional group
What are alkanes?
Saturated hydrocarbons
What are cycloalkanes functional group isomers with?
Alkenes
What is bond fission?
The breaking of a covalent bond
What are the two types of bond fission than can occur?
• Heterolytic fission • Homolytic fission