Ch. 4 Study Guide
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A tissue is composed of similarly specialized ____ that perform a common function in the body. The tissues of the human body can be categorized into four major types.
Cells
____ tissue covers body surfaces and lines body cavities such as the respiratory tract and endocrine glands.
Epithelial
____ tissue binds and supports body parts and is the most diverse type of tissue found in the human body. ____ tissue may be represented by such diverse structures as bone, cartilage, or blood.
Connective
____ tissue moves the body and its parts.
Muscular
____ tissue receives stimuli, processes that information, and conducts nerve impulses.
Nervous
Epithellal tissue
External and internal linings of many organs
Connective tissue
Blinds organs together: provides support
Muscle tissue
Contracts and moves body parts
Nervous tissue
Receives and conducts information
Fibrous connective tissue
Includes loose, dense, and adipose tissues - Protects internal organs; forms tendons and ligaments
Supportive connective tissue
Flexible cartilage - Rigid bone providing leverage for movement and structure
Fluid connective tissue
Blood that transports oxygen and nutrients - Lymph that contains white blood cells
Bone
Hard matrix - Contains protein fibers coated with calcium salts - Matrix formed by osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Cartilage
Hyaline and elastic are two types - Flexible matrix formed by chondroblasts and chondrocytes
Lymph
Comes from fluids surrounding the tissues - Cleansed at nodes that contain white blood cells
Blood
Helps distribute heat - Transports nutrients and oxygen to tissue fluids - Hemoglobin makes it appear red - Removes carbon dioxide and other wastes from tissue fluid - Plays a role in fluid, ion, and pH balance
The first specimen has branching cells that are striated in appearance. Each contains a nucleus. This is most likely ___ muscle. The second specimen was taken from the upper thigh. It is most likely ___ muscle. The third specimen was taken from the digestive tract. It is most likely ____ muscle. The fourth specimen is striated and contains numerous nuclei per muscle cell. It is most likely ____ muscle. The fifth specimen has spindle-shaped cells, each with their own nucleus. It is most likely ___ muscle. The sixth specimen was taken from heart tissue, specifically the wall of the aorta. It is most likely ___ muscle.
Cardiac Skeletal Smooth Skeletal Smooth Cardiac
Skeletal muscle
Voluntary muscle - Individual cells have multiple nuclei - Found in muscles attached bones - Aids in voluntary body movements
Smooth muscle
One cell, one nucleus - No striation - Involuntary muscle - Composed of spindle-shaped cells
Cardiac muscle
Involuntary muscle - Found only in the walls of the heart - Composed of branching, striated cells - Individual cells have a single nucleus
Neurons
Nerve cells - Dendrites + a cell body + an axon - Receive signals from sensory receptors and conduct nerve impulses
Neuroglia cells
Cells that support and nourish nerve cells - Take up more than half the volume of the brain - Examples found in the brain include microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes
Epithelial cells form continuous layers of ____ cells. Because of this, epithelial tissue functions in ____ by covering surfaces and lining body cavities, but it can be modified for ____ or absorption.
Tightly-packed, protection, secretion
All epithelial cells are exposed to the environment on one side and bound by the ____ on the other side.
basement membrane