Structure And Bonding

Small clusters of two or more atoms Joined together giving them low melting and boiling points . Although there are strong bonds within the molecules the forces between the molecules are weak and do not require much heat energy to overcome them

Substances with an unlimited continuous lattice of particles with strong bonding throughout the structure . This gives them High melting and boiling points so a lot of heat energy is needed to overcome this strong bond

Giant ionic structure in a lattice through syringe electrostatic forces between the charged ions

Giant structure with strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions makes them difficult to break

Strong Electro static attraction between oppositely charged ions makes them difficult to break apart

To reshape a solid ,layers of particles must slide past each other . This slides positive over postive which then repel each other and the crystal shatters

Charged end of solvent molecules are attracted to the ions in the solid and pull them away from other ions in the lattice

When an ionic solidis melted or dissolved the ions break free from the lattice and are able to move around . The free moving charged particles enable the liquid or solution to conduct electricity

More charges means more attraction and therefore more heat energy is required to break the bonds

In all metals and alloys

Each metal looses its outer shell electrons and becomes a positive ion. The positive ions are packed in a lattice and the cloud of delocalised electrons move throughout the entire metal .the electrostatic attraction between the positive metal ions and the cloud of delocalised electrons holds the metal together

Giant structure with strong electrostatic forces between positive metal ions and delocalised electrons requires a large amounts of heat energy to break

The layers of metal ions can slide over each other easily without disrupting the metallic bonding ,the metal still consists of a regular lattice of positive metal ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalised electrons

Cloud of delocalised electrons is free to move through the entire metal carrying the electric current

Most are simple covalent molecules but some are giant covalent structures

Strong covalent bonds between atoms to form molecules but weak intermolecular forces which require little energy to overcome

To break apart a simple molecular solid it is not necessary to break the strong covalent bonds that hold the atoms together but only the weak intermolecular forces which requires a small force

There are no ions present and all electrons are localised on atoms or in the covalent bonds so there are no free moving particles to carry the electric current

Do not contain ions so are mole soluble in non polar solvents

Giant lattice which each carbon forimung 4 covalent bonds

To break down the giant structure requires strong covalent bonds between the atoms to be broken which requires a large amount of heat energy . This results in single carbon atoms with no bonds between them so turns directly to gas

To break the structure requires a large number of strong covalent bonds to be broken which requires a large force

To dissolve the substance would require strong covalent bonds between the atoms and no solvent is strong enough for this

All electrons are localised in covalent bonds so there are no free moving charges particles to carry an electric current