solid waste management

1) mining and construction ie overburden or spoil heaps 2) domestic waste ie packaging, containers, food and garden waste 3) industrial waste

1) degradability 2) flammability 3) release of radioactivity 4) toxicity

1) purchase more consumer goods 2) purchase disposable items 3) throw away items rather than repair them

1) built in obsolescence- item are designed to have a short life spam forcing the consumer to upgrade and spend more money 2) disposable products- items intended to have a limited usable life so they need to be replaced sooner 3) overpackaging- items are made to seem more attractive with unnecessary packaging which is likely to be thrown away

• pop density • mass of waste produced per capita • lad availability • degree of environmental awareness • waste processing costs for labour or machinery

1) land fill 2) incineration 3) spoil heaps

1) separation of different wastes ad recording composition and locations 2) polymer lining to prevent escape of leachate fluids 3) collection and treatment of leachate fluids 4) deodorising sprays 5) dispersal of flammable materials rather than dumping large quantities in one place

1) potential loss of resource value 2) high volume of land take 3) release of greenhouse gases from anaerobic decay 4) loss of habitat 5) transport of waste to and from site increases noise and congestion in the area

1) stability 2) drainage 3) lack of nutrients 4) PH 5) contamination

the planting of vegetation so roots can hold spoil together compaction as the spoil heap builds up

natural or artificial drainage

the addition of lime ca reduce acidity

1) volume of ash produced is less than original waste 2) heat produced ca be used for district heating or generation of electricity 3) no sorting or complicated management is needed

1) resource value of recyclable material is lost 2) it is expensive 3) energy intensive 4) treatment of atmospheric pollutants in effluent gases is expensive

1) encapsulation 2) vitrification

wastes containing heavy metals are mixed with concreate cement which is poured into containers made of an impermeable and unreactive material so the waste is immobilised

1) recyclables are removed before incineration 2) wastes with high water content are removed 3) atmospheric pollution is controlled 4) the heat is harnessed for use such as for district heating or electricity generation