Preventing and managing infectious disease

Antibiotics, vaccines, hygiene, improved public awareness have helped to reduce spread of infectious disease However, they are still a concern in todays world - new disease like swine flu, ebola, corona - reemerging diseases like Tuberculosis, polio caused by: failure to vaccinate and drug resistance in bacteria

Control the carriers: - pesticides to kill vectors -DDT was used to kill mosquitoes that carried the malaria parasite Kill the pathogen: -Antibiotics (bacteria only does not apply for viral infections) - disinfectants Herd Immunity: -High proportion of the population immunized - 90% of AUS vaccinated Quarantine: -Isolate infected or the possibly infected individuals to prevent spread of the disease

• Cells have mechanisms that control what enters and leaves the cell • The pathogens must have a way to get through the cell membrane • Some pathogens have surface molecules that can bind to receptors on the cell membrane of the host cell • The shape of these surface molecules is complimentary to the shape of the membrane receptors allowing entrance through the cell membrane

*Endocytosis = into cell Steps: 1. Pathogen binds to receptors of the surface of the host cell • This causes the host cell membrane to begin folding inward, forming a vesicle which contains the pathogen • The vesicle moves into the cytoplasm of the host cell • The vesicle membrane is digested, and the contents are released into the cell. bacteria and virus

• No formation of a vesicle Steps: 1. Virus binds to a receptor on the membrane of host cell 2. The membrane of the virus fuses with the membrane of the host cell 3. The virus enters host cell just virus