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The process whereby cells use energy in the form of ATP to transport substances across a membrane from low to high concentration.

A high-energy compound composed of adenine and ribose and three phosphate groups attached; it releases energy for cellular reactions when its last phosphate group is removed and the compound is converted to ADP and inorganic phosphate.

A plasma membrane protein that helps link cells together.

A nitrogen-containing compound that is the building block of proteins.

A protein within membranes that assists other molecules to cross the membrane in facilitated and active transport.

The basic structural unit of all life forms on Earth.

A series of cellular biochemical reactions and processes using glucose and producing carbon dioxide and water; the energy released is used to convert ADP and inorganic phosphate into ATP.

A complex carbohydrate molecule found in cell walls.

A structure in animal cells that produces and organises microtubules.

A protein that forms channels within membranes to allow the passage of hydrophobic substances across the membrane.

The green pigment found in chloroplasts; it is able to absorb light energy, making it available for photosynthesis.

A membrane-bound organelle (type of plastid) found in the cytoplasm of plants and algae containing the green pigment chlorophyll; its main function is photosynthesis and storage of carbohydrates.

Part of the structure of the plasma membrane where it alters fluidity of the membrane depending on temperature.

A structure made of a DNA molecule.

The difference in concentration of a substance between two different regions.

A specialised vacuole involved in regulating the amount of water inside a cell, which pumps water from the cytoplasm to the outside of the cell.

The crinkling of red blood cells when they lose water.

Infoldings of the inner membrane of the mitochondria, forming partitions.

All the cytosolic fluid, dissolved materials and organelles between the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane.

The mixing and movement of the cytoplasm.

A system of microtubules and microfilaments within a cell that supports and gives shape to it; helps movement and reproduction.

The part of the cytoplasm containing highly organised fluid material with dissolved substances; excluding the organelles.

An information molecule that is the universal basis of an organism’s genetic material; it contains instructions, written in a chemical code, for the production of proteins by the cell.

The passive movement of molecules from a high to a low concentration of that substance.