Chapter 8A - Carbohydrates

• structural isomers with formula C₆H₁₂O₆ • called simple sugars • α-glucose, α-galactose and β-fructose

• monomer of polysaccharide • type of sugar e.g glucose

Polymers produced from the condensation reaction of multiple monosaccharides

• major energy source in plants/animals • large biomolecules (polymers) formed by condensation reaction b/w monosaccharides (monomers)

• Starch • Glycogen • Cellulose

• made from glucose monomer: α-glucose • glucose storage molecule in plants • can be digested by humans • occurs naturally after photosynthesis • Amylose + Amylopectin

• Linear • Harder to break down and hydrolyse

• Branched • Easier to break down and hydrolyse

• natural glucose storage molecule in humans • made from glucose monomer: α-glucose • can be digested by humans • highly branched structure • produced to a limited extent in the liver/muscles

• made form β-glucose monomer • main structural material found in the cell walls of plants • cannot be digested by humans • linear structure *

• Polysaccharide (starch veggies) • Hydrolysis = Disaccharides (maltose in mouth) • Hydrolysis = Monosaccharides (glucose in small intestines) • Condensation = Polysaccharides (glycogen)

• 2+ monosaccharides undergo condensation to produce carbohydrates/polysaccharides • produces ether/glycosidic link -COC-

• carbohydrates (starch) are digested in the body to procude monosaccharides • breaks ether/glycosidic links • digestions of starch require specific enzymes • produces monomers which are then oxidised (combustion) - cellular respiration

• exothermic process where glucose coverted to energy • occurs in all living things, provides energy for cellular processes • In animals, glucose is absorbed into the blood stream and transported to cells where it takes place • glucose oxidise, oxygen reduced