Pig Production - Managing Helath

• Safe pig meat (no vet meds, pesticide residues, zoonotic pathogens) = withdrawal periods • Free of enzootic and exotic diseases • Responsible use of antimicrobials • Develop and promote new knowledge • Integrated approach to improving pig health and welfare • Role of microbes / disease surveillance • Promote professional skills / transparent / trusted • Sustainable feed / impact on environment • AMR / biosecurity / food safety / significant diseases ~ vaccination reduces risk of food borne illnesses (e.g. salmonella, hepatitis E, trichinella, campylobacter and Escherichia coli) ~ maximises production by preventing/reducing production losses from enzoonotic/exotic disease • Encourage use of data and new technologies Partnership working

• one of the Pig Health and Welfare 2020 strategic themes - examines current pig health issues, surveilance for outbreaks and emerging disease and biosecurity

• zoonoses national control plan steering group • food safety • pig health • survalence • biosecurity • welfare • medicine

• enchancing pig meat food safety (encomp zoonoses national control plan steering group and food safety) • improving preparedness for exotic and emerging diseases (encomp pig health, surveilance and biosecurity) • enhancing pig welfare • reducing antimicrobial use in pig meat production

section 5 - Measure = performance data obtained from communication of inspection results (CCIR), pig health scheme, farm performance recods and eMedicines book ~ standardd recomendation of the code of practice for welfare of pigs and requirement of Red Tractor scheme (90% british pigs part of) - Manage = writen in conjunction with animal health professionals and should adopt evidence based best practices beyond that of simply participation in asurance schemes ~ protocols and control plans (topics inc: biosecurity, euthanasia, the use of veterinary medicines, husbandry procedures such as tail docking and parasite control) - Monitor = herd health planning proactive and dynamic in response to current and emerging endemic and exotic diseases ~ surveilance and forecasting valuble as well as planned reviews ~ potential disease outbreak at farm level as well as global disease e.g. ASF ~ aim to keep animals/humans/enviro healthy and meeting societu expectations of animal welfare and traceability

• identify what challenges already present on farm • reactive measures ~ clinical endemic disease (positive identification from outbreaks and testing) ~ identification of subclinical diseases (through testing and slaughter data) ~ real time PCR for enteropathogenic e.coli = identify pathogens on farm zoonotic risk or currently causing sub clinical illness • proactive measures ~ production performance bench marking (KPIs) e.g. growth rates feed intatkes, FCR, mortality • production performance of pigs is measured as growth (body weight change), carcass quality, fertility, morbidity (diseases) and mortality • benchmark against national and international level data to determine health status of herd • see if piigs growing at genetic potential

• from info, design vaccination strategies to help prevent against clinical disease outbreak (e.g. e.coli associated with post weaning diarrhea) • pathogen identification help design treament protocols and prevention startegies (e.g. post mortem identified colitis which may be a wider problem in herd) • post mortem from fallen stock or CCIR (not detailed) = AHDB launched Pig Health Scheme to feedback higher resolution data from pigs at the abattoir back to farmers to inform health plans

• biosecurity • control heasures • vet meds • euthanasia • normaly include standard operating procedures and require staff training to ensure competance in use of practical methods

~ prevention bettre than cure - Closed herd = animals coming/leaving biggest risk spreading disease ~ replacement stock bred on site ~ if need to bring in stock = know general health/specific disease status of the unit the animals are coming from (reduce risk brining in new pathogens) ~ only source stock from units that share common endemic conditions ~ AI = boars not required to be transposted between units - Cleaning / hygiene = only DEFRA approved disinfectants ~ routines defined in conjunction with info on product lable specifying use and dilution rates ~ steam/pressure wash unit, drying, disinfect and resting period before new stock enter - Vaccinations - Visitor / staff policy ~ boot dips ~ health questionaire ensure no vomit of diarrhea ~ hand washing facilities ~ no food consumption/smoking - Rodent control ~ site surveys, control measures ~ procedure for disposing dead rodenst - Fallen Stock ~ procedure for disposal - Fomites = e.g. vehicals and clothing ~ feed lorries and pig transport should not be alowed inside of biosecurity parameter = loading bays so pigs board in designated area ~ washing vehicles that transport animals - Parasite control - Isolation pens / quarantine = incoming animals to detect disease ~ idealy 3/4 weeks and give vaccines and vet meds such as wormers

= 3D microbial community, gel together in polysaccharide protective matrix, attached to surface - adavnce = use of organic acids in drinking water , cleaning lines - risk of disease if lines not clean, need to PCR test e.g. Yersinia enterocolitica - after cleaning, PCR test again and no bacteria present - pen side testing = real time info for pathogens ~ rapid testing advancing over next decade and help reduce cases of disease

• The electronic medicine book (eMB-Pigs) was launched in May 2016 = enables pig producers to record their antibiotic usage and monitor usage trends over time • enables producers to benchmark their usage against similar farms • Antibiotic use in farm animals is measured as ‘milligrams per Population Correction Unit’ (mg/pcu) • xx mg divided by xx kg = xx mg/PCU • work out over a calander year • e.g. 50mg/PCU = over a year 50mg antibiotic active ingredient used for every kg of body weight at time of treatment • Usage of antibiotics on pig farms in 2017 estimated = 131 mg/PCU, down from 278 mg/PCU in 2015. • Through a combination of efforts we steadily reduced that to 104 mg/PCU against a 2020 target of 99 mg/PCU in 2020. The current target is a further 30 % reduction by 2024 taking the sector down to 73 mg/PCU.

HAU - 2017 usage of antibiotics minimal (single figures of amoxicillin and lincomycin used primarily for one off injections for lame pigs) - end of 2017 = destock unit and restock with new herd at start of 2018 - went from 3mg/kg to almost 50mg/kg antibiotic active ingredient per wt of pig in 2018 ~ new herd exposed to pathogens endemic on unit - first two quarters we were using between 150 and 200 mg/PCU of amoxicillin delivered in the water ~ other option feed but not use = sick pigs dont want to eat but will still drink ~ medicate feed would mean doubling amount active ingredient compared to dosing water - largely reduced the problems by the middle of 2018 and were controlling smaller outbreaks of the Glässer Disease with under fifty mg/PCU every quarter which has continued through 2019 and 2020 - pig industry good at not using human critical antibiotics = worried developing resistance to ~ 2019 use of Highest Priority Critically Important Antibiotics in UK pigs was only 0.04% of all antibiotic use

• in feed ab = high usage • in water ab = reduced ~ requires significant infrastructire ~ idealy use biosecurity, vaccination strategies = move onto injectable ab • injectable ab = targeted

• Three POM-V products available • used at therapuetic levels to prevent/treat post weaning diarrhea • Some countries do not use it (alturnative products) • Dutch report highlights environmental bulid up concerns (only 10% digestable) • 2017 Euopean Medicines Agency reviewd safety and effectiveness of zinc oxide ~ benefit risk balance = negative ~ withdrawal of the existing marketing authorisations for veterinary medicinal products containing zinc oxide • Five year withdrawal period in the EU (use in the UK before the ban was 70 – 90 % of UK pigs) • dont want to see removal of zinc oxide as driver for increased ab use • need to Develop a best-practice plan for weaner management without the use of therapeutic zinc oxide • antibiotics at subclinical levels used to be given as growth promotors but banned in 2006 under feed additive regulations • now not given to promote growth or increase yield and not used routinely or compensate poor hygine, husbandry, lack of care, poor management. oor for prevention of diseases

• risk factors for PWD vary between farm to farm = require unit specific review of weaner management • most of problem comes from dysbiosis caused by abrupt weaning at 3-4 weeks of age (more on slides in folder)

• yes Study from stephen: analysisng richness of gut microbiota • Samples (faecal) were collected from pens of pigs at day 42 of age. • These were sequenced on a MiSeq targeting the 16S rRNA gene. • Sequence reads were trimmed, filtered, merged and chimeras removed using DADA2 in R. • Unique sequences were clustered into an RSV table using DADA2 and taxonomy assigned using the Silva database. • Alpha diversity (number of different operational taxonomic units) was calculated using the Shannon, Simpson (and other) diversity measures, using phyloseq in R • significant reduction in richness in faecal sample of pigs that recieved ZnO treatment

= The microorganisms in a particular environment (including the body or a part of the body) = The combined genetic material of the microorganisms in a particular environment • site and time specific • pglet gut at 5, 7 and 9 weeks of age • looking at jejunum, illium and caecum and colon • vary in levels of prevotella streptococcus and lactobaccilus as well as others

• nutrition digestion/absorption • immunity • regulation appetite (satiety genes) ~ stomach = hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen to break down food ~ duodenum = salts and enzymes added to mix, neutralise stomach acid, lots of vili some nutrient absorption ~ ilium = immunity, peyers patches = clumps of imune cells, prevent backflow of ceacum of microbiota comming into ilium and being absorbed, not many vili ~ caecum = fermentation and most microbiota live ~ spiral colon = water absorbed

• defnition used depends on how assess microbiome • live microbiota = grow and count under microscope • characterise DNA = ~ extract dna from sample ~ sequence ~ bioinformatics to cluster up into taxonomic units OTUs ~ database to identify what they are and create a table for samples ~ link to phynotypic data to find out wether actual bacteria levels are changing in response to an enviro variable ~ produce graphs, heat maps and clustering analysis ~ culture independant analysis = dont need to grow bac, look at genetic material

• prebiotics = a substrate that is selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit (FOS, GOS, Inulin, B-glucans) • probiotics = living bac (lactobacillus, yeasts, streptococcus, bifidobacteria) • antimicrobial compounds (antibiotics and zinc oxide) • synbiotics = combination of add a prebiotic with a pronbiotic if complementary ~ products which prebiotic selectively favours probiotic compound • symbiotics = two separate independant ones (one prebiotic that doesnt affect probiotic)

Deviguard = a natural performance enhancer which contains a balanced mixture of encapsulated fatty acids. It has been developed by Devenish to ensure the maintenance of an efficient digestive system in weaner, grower and finishing pigs

• the following functional groups are included: • digestibility enhancers: substances which, when fed to animals, increase the digestibility of the diet, through action on target feed materials; • gut flora stabilisers: micro-organisms or other chemically defined substances, which, when fed to animals, have a positive effect on the gut flora; • substances which favourably affect the environment; • other zootechnical additives. • feed additives still need to prove efficacy and safety • cocidostats under EU law not considered vet meds = grouped as feed additives

• gut flora stabalises if registered in EU will be included in register of feed additives = authorised product Saccharomyces cerevisiae Enterococcus faecium Pediococcus acidilactici Bacillus subtilis Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. Clostridium butyricum Lactobacillus salivarius ssp. salivarius Lactobacillus helveticus Lactobacillus acidophilus Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. lactis

= live cultures of microorganisms (e.g., yeast, fungi, and bacteria) that are added to the diet to improve the balance of microbial communities in the gastrointestinal tract. • Defined probiotics consist of single strains or mixtures of comprehensively described microorganisms • Undefined probiotics tend to consist of microbial mixtures that are not completely described. FAO and WHO definition of probiotics as: “live micro-organisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host - adequate amounts normaly 10^9 billion of the organism but can vary but need to be in large amounts - a lot destroyed when enter stomach conditions and enzyme breakdown in small intestine - other technology = encapsulate probiotics to ensure arive in large intestine where used the most in safe way