Week 2 - Respiratory
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What is the correct pathway of an oxygen molecule from the air to the lungs
• Nose • Pharynx (Nasopharynx) (Oropharynx) (Laryngopharynx) • Larynx • Trachea • Bronchi • Bronchioles • Terminal Bronchioles • Alveoli
What is the key structures in the Bronchioles?
• Contains smooth muscle and no cartilage - Under sympathetic and parasympathetic control to increase or decrease the diameter to modify airflow
What are the key structures for the Trachea?
• Contains C shaped rings of cartilage • extends from the larynx and branches into the two primary bronchi • lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnal epithelium • protects and maintains patency of airflow
What are the key structures for the larynx?
• provides a passage for air • contains vocal cords to produce sound • enables cough reflex to prevent anything other than air from entering the lower respiratory system • contains the Epiglottis (leaf shaped cartilage) to prevent food and water passing into the trachea
What are the key structures to the Nasal Cavity?
• Warms, moistens and filters inspired air • contains olfactory epithelium to detect smell • serves as a resonating chamber for speech
Describe 4 functions of the respiratory system
• Gas exchange (02, C02) • pH regulation • Olfaction • Voice production • Aids venous and lymph return
What muscles contract during quiet inhalation?
• External intercostals - Diaphragm
During quiet inhalation, what type of volume change happens?
Increases the volume Of the thoracic cavity
During quiet inhalation, what type of pressure change happens?
• Pressure will decrease in the thoracic cavity
What muscles contract during quiet exhalation?
• None
What is the volume change during quiet exhalation?
• Volume decreases of the thoracic cavity
What is the pressure change during quiet exhalation?
• pressure will increase in the thoracic cavity
What muscles are used during forced inhalation?
• external intercostals • diaphragm • sternocleidomastoid (SCM) • pectoralis minor
What is the volume change during forced inhalation?
• volume will increase
What is the pressure change during forced inhalation?
• pressure will decrease
What muscles contract during forced exhalation?
• Abdominals - Internal intercostals
What is the volume change during forced exhalation?
• volume will decrease
What is the pressure change during forced exhalation?
• pressure will increase
Define ‘lung compliance’
• ease at which lungs and the thorax expand on inspiration
Define ‘lung recoil’
Ease at which the lungs and thorax return to resting position on expiration
Define ‘airway resistance’
• resistance to the flow of air through the respiratory tract during inhalation and exhalation
What are 4 factors that could increase airway resistance?
• bronchoconstriction of bronchial smooth muscle • mucus (mucous) or secretions within the airways • Narrowed airways from oedema (excel fluid in interstitial space) • Alveolar collapse
5 factors that promote gas exchange at the alveolar/capillary junction
• warm moist surface • extensive capillary network for blood supply • short diffusion distance • increased partial pressure of gases (02, C02) • large surface area
The exchange of gases between the alveoli and capillaries in the lungs is
By external respiration