Test #2
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Renal threshold of glucose in cats
280-300mg/dl
Cells found on the distal 1/3 of the urethra, vagina, vulva and prepuce
Squams
Normal equine urine may contain the following except
Alkaline pH Calcium Carbonate Crystals Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate Mucus All of the above are normal findings
RBC in urine
Commonly mistaken for fat droplets Mistaken for WBC when crenated -Preserved is alkaline urine 1.5-2x smaller than WBC All except C
Which is not a cause of decreased USG?
DM
Granular precipitates found in acidic urine are reported out as
Amorphous Urates
Acid by-products of fat metabolism defines
Ketones
Ammonium Biurate
Normal in dalmatians Brown in color Thorn Apples Can indicate liver dz can indicate portosystemic shunt All of the above
In a normal animal a voided sample may contain the following except
Trace Ketones
The following will cause an increased USG except
DI
Bilirubin
Can be normal Liver dz Twigs/Koosh balls
Calcium oxalate dihyrate
Can be normal pH dependent Ethylene Glycol Toxicity Envelopes
Calcium oxalate monohydrate
Can be normal pH dependent Ethylene Glycol Toxicity Dumbbells
Hippuric Acid
Never normal Ethylene Glycol Toxicity Fence Posts
Cholesterol Crystals
Can be normal Stair steps
Cystine
Never normal 6-sided stop signs
Calcium Carbonate
Can be normal Dumbbells Round with radial striations
Triple Phosphate
Can be normal pH dependent Coffin lids
Tyrosine
Never normal Liver dz Long cluster of spiky needles
Leucine
Never normal Liver dz Wheel or Grapefruit
What is NOT normal to see on a cysto of an intact male cat?
1+ glucose 1+ nitrites 1+ squams Trace bacteria Trace bilirubin
Fixed USG range
1.008-1.012
a fixed USG means that
2/3 to 3/4 nephrons are non-functional
Centrifuge urine at \_\_\_\_\_rpm for \_\_\_\_\_ min. pour off the \_\_\_\_ re-suspend the \_\_\_\_\_ Start scanning on \_\_\_\_ Do final analysis on \_\_\_\_ The condenser should be \_\_\_\_
1,200-1,500 3-5 min Supernatant Sediment 10X 40X Down