Chemistry Unit #5: Organic Chemistry Topics Test on Friday, February 10, 2017
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…………………………………….O Cr₂O₇²⁻/H⁺………………….|| Primary alcohol ===> CH₃ - CH₂ - CH₂ - OH =========> CH₃ - CH₂ - CH ………………………………………………………………………………………………(aldehyde)
Compare and contrast catalytic cracking to catalytic reforming.
Similarities They both need catalysts Used to make fuels Oxygen cannot be present Differences Catalytic cracking makes smaller chains from larger ones while catalytic reforming produces longer chains from smaller ones
What does orange turn into when Alcohol is warmed with Cr₂O₇²⁻/H⁺ (acidified potassium dichromate)? It is the basis behind the breathalyser test.
Orange will turn to green
What is the name and reduced formula of this structural formula? CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₃
C₄H₁₀ and butane
What is the Catalyst for the Oxidation of Alcohols?
Cr₂O₇²⁻/H⁺ (acidified potassium dichromate)
What forms from the Oxidation of Primary Alcohols?
Aldehydes
What chemical process may be used to convert the petroleum distillation residue into gasoline?
Catalytic cracking
What are the 4 Alkene Addition Reaction
1.) Halogens: (F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂) CH₃ — CH = CH₂ + Br₂ ===> CH₃ — CHBr — CH₂Br 2.) Hydrogen gas, H₂ (Turns it into alkane) CH₂ = CH₂ + H₂ ===> CH₃ — CH₃ 3.) Water, H₂O (Makes an alcohol) CH₃ — CH = CH₂ + HOH ===> CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂OH 4.) Hydrogen halides; (HF, GCl, HBr, HI) CH₃ — CH = CH — CH₃ + HBr ===> CH₃ - CHBr — CH₂— CH₃
What forms from the Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols?
Ketones
What is the name and reduced formula of this structural formula? CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₃
C₆H₁₄ and hexane
How does the average number of carbon atoms per molecule vary for the fractionation product location shown in figure H2. Explain this order using IMF. (2)
As the number of carbons on the chains increase, they are distilled lower in the tower. This occurs because the longer chains have more IMF, resulting in higher boiling points
What forms from the Oxidation of Tertiary Alcohols?
Tertiary Alcohols cannot undergo this reaction
What is the product of this Nucleophilic Substitution of Halogenalkanes? CH₃ | CH₃ - C - CH₃ + OH⁻ ===> | Cl
CH₃ | CH₃ - C - CH₃ + Cl⁻ | OH
What is the name and reduced formula of this structural formula? CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₃
C₅H₁₂ and pentane
What physical property is used to separate different compounds in a petroleum fractionation tower?
Boiling point
What is the name and reduced formula of this structural formula? CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₃
C₇H₁₆ and heptane
What is the name and reduced formula of this structural formula? CH₂ — CH₂
C₂H₆ and ethane
What is the name and reduced formula of this structural formula? CH₃
CH₄ and methane
What is the name and reduced formula of this structural formula? CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₃
C₈H₁₈ and octane
What is the name and reduced formula of this structural formula? CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₃
C₃H₈ and propane
What is the name of this structure? CH₃ CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₃ | | CH₃ = C — CH — CH — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₃ | CH₂ — CH₃
3-ethyl-2-methyl-4-propyl-1-heptene
What are the three factors on which Boling point depends on? 3 + (3 - 4 explanations)
Polarity Substances with hydrogen bonding have higher boiling points than those with dipole-dipole or only London Dispersion. Alkanes, alkenes, and benzne are non-polar with only London Dispersion forces Aldehydes, ketones, and esters experience the stronger dipole-dipole forces Amines, alcohols and carboxylic acids exhibit hydrogen bonding (highest Boling Point) Molar Mass Generally, higher molar mass means higher boiling points for non-polar molecules CH₄ gas at room temperature Liquid at room temperature Very long chains form waxy solids Straight vs. Branched chains Straight chains have higher boiling point Branching makes molecules more spherical, reducing contact surface area Less attraction between molecules
What are the 3 main points on Benzene?
Benzene does not undergo addition reaction, but rather substitution reactions, Benzene does not react with KMnO₄, Benzene’s carbon bonds are equivalent, Therefore benzene cannot have double bonds.
What is the Polymerization of this? CH₂ = CHCl ==============>
(Polymerization) CH₂ = CHCl ==============> — CH₂ — CHCl —