Species-Specific Health and Disease Midterm 1

Housed in large barns (most often indoors) - Easier to monitor health and nutrition - Climate control (pigs are very sensitive to extreme temperatures) (they also get sunburn) - Increased biosecurity

The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) defines biosecurity in the Terrestrial Animal Health code as “a set of management and physical measures designed to reduce the risk of introduction, establishment and spread of animal diseases, infections or infestations to, from and within an animal population”

Foraging

Entrance restrictions Shower in shower out No pork products No entering if ill Closed herd All-in, all-out production system Good cleaning and disinfection protocols

Often fed scraps (now illegal in Europe) Eating off the ground leads to problems Hard to control what comes into contact with pigs Sometimes it’s hard to see them Predation is a risk Wild pigs are carriers of pig diseases

Farrowing room (0-3 weeks) Weaning Nursery (3-8 weeks) Grower/finisher (8 weeks to 6 months)

Infections (umbilical, joints) Hypothermia Starvation Neonatal diarrhea Greasy pig disease (opportunistic Staff bacteria, gets into open wounds, usually pretty minor) Genetic abnormalities Crushing (mothers crush their pigs)

Respiratory disease Lameness Neurological disease Diarrhea Ear hematoma (Pretty much cauliflower ears) Umbilical hernia

Lameness Respitory disease Gastric ulcers GI torsion Diarrhea

Reproductive losses (abortion, still born) Reduced fertility Lameness GI or splenic torsion Reduced milk production Mastitis

They’re very susceptible to zoonotic disease, especially from humans

African swine fever (reportable) Not in canada Foot and Mouth disease (reportable) Not in canada Porcine epidemic diahrea (reportable) in canada Swine influenza MRSA and other superbugs

Dairy Farmers of Canada

cows before they start milk production

(Ideally 365 day cycle) (305 days lactating) - Breeding ~90 days postpartum - Dried off at 305 days 60 day dry period

Calf born - Calf removed from cow Fed colostrum - First milk produced by cow (high in antibodies) Fed liquid feed and starter - Amount fed is variable Weaning Bulls - Often go into meat system Heifers - Put in the dairy system

• Housed in individual pens (controversial, cows are herd animals) • Automated (robotic) feeding system • Strict biosecurity measures followed in the first 21 days for cow health • After 21 days, calves are put in groups

kept in barns access to outdoors not always provided

Cows are chained to their stall Cows stay in their stall all day Pros - No competition for space or feed - Easy to monitor Cons - Too many THIS METHOD IS GETTING PHASED OUT

Just a big open space with bedding Pros Free movement Cons More labor needed for cleaning Competition for feed

Rotary system Pipeline - Hose takes milk from cows to barns Robotic milking Cows are milked 2-3 times a day Takes ~10 minutes

Caused by calcium demand at onset of lactation Signs: - Staggering - Inability to rise - Muscular intake Treatment - IV calcium Prevention - Limit calcium intake pre-calving - Cows don’t store calcium If you limit calcium intake you manipulate calcium metabolism

Cows Caused by negative energy balances (often 1-2 weeks post calving) Signs Low appetite Weight loss Decreased milk production Prevention maintain good body condition

Major problem in dairy castle - May be infectious or noninfectious Caused by - Lack of hoof trimming - Slippery floors