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in rate questions, when and why could we assume the order of a substance to be 0
in large excess hence concentration will remain constant/ not affect rate
what is reflux and why is it used
continuous boiling and condensation to prevent loss by evaporation
calorimetry assumptions
specific heat capacity same as water reaction to completion no heat loss to surroundings mass of reactant is negligible no water evaporated under standard conditions
calorimetry improvements
fully insulate beaker, e.g. polystyrene add a lid leave til completion more precise equipment
why is phenol more reactive than benzene
oxygen donates long pair to ring, electron density increases hence phenol more able to polarise electrophiles