W2 - Lecture 2A - Optimising Grain Yield And Crop Physiology
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what are the 4 yields in cereal crops
• Economic Yield • Biological Yield • Potential Yield • Actual Yield
what is economic yield
grain yield
what is biological yield
total biomass yield
what is potential yield
perfect crop/weather
what is actual yield
~ 60-65 % of potential
what is definition of Harvest Index
gives an indication of the relative size of the grain yield (economic) to the rest of the plant (biological)
what is the equation of Harvest Index
Harvest Index = Economic Yield /(divided by) Biological Yield
Yield Components of Old and New Cultivars table slide 6 & 12
Yield Components for two modern Winter Wheat varieties - Madrigal and Savannah in a very high yield trial at UCD Lyons farm Variety - Madrigal : Ears/m2 Grains/ ear 1000 Grain Wt Yield(t/ha)
Variety - Madrigal Ears/m2 - 460 Grains/ ear: 54 1000 Grain Wt: 62 Yield(t/ha): 15.4
Yield Components for two modern Winter Wheat varieties - Madrigal and Savannah in a very high yield trial at UCD Lyons farm Variety - Savannah Ears/m2 Grains/ ear 1000 Grain Wt Yield(t/ha)
Variety - Savannah Ears/m2: 500 Grains/ ear: 52 1000 Grain Wt: 60 Yield(t/ha): 15.6
what has happened UK wheat yields 1885-2010
increased
UCD Spring Oats Trial 2021 Heritage Lines v Modern Cultivars Lodging Issues(2)
• Lodging levels were extremely high on many of the heritage lines. • All were salvageable but caused a lot of mechanical problems. 4 breakdowns due to lodging, all attributable to older genetic material.
Name the 3 crop improvements in cereal crops
• technical progress • genetics • mechanisation
Technical progress - 5
Varieties Fertilisers Insecticides Herbicides Fungicides & PGRs
Genetics
Genetic Improvement – crop breeding Underpinned by the Recommended List variety testing program
Mechanisation -3
Cultivations Spraying Harvesting
Role of harvest index improvement in yield improvement
Harvest index rises as yield ()\t/ha rises eg Har. Index Yield(t/ha) 36, 5.22 42 5.86 51 7.10 55 8.25
Apical development
• floral (spikelet) initiation phase
def: biological yield
total crop yield of wanted and unusable components
what is the Leaf Area Index (LAI) ratio
ratio of leaf area to ground area,
def: Net Assimilation Rate (NAR)
dry matter production / leaf area
what does LAI stand for
Leaf Area Index
what does NAR stand for
Net Assimilation Rate
crop growth rate equation
LAI x NAR