ethics and other issues

reduce anxiety by preventing adrenaline

• low BP • heart failure • depression

archery, diving, shooting, snooker

• increase muscle mass fast • increase power and strength • let athlete train harder for longer • speed recovery time

• aggressive behaviour • heart disease • high BP • liver problems • effect on hormones

athletics, baseball, cycling, football, rugby

• reduce pain • increase alertness

• addictive • high BP • strokes • increased risk of injury as pain is suppressed

american football, athletics, swimming

• increases water passed out of body • reduce weight quickly • mask use of PEDs

• dehydration • weakening of muscles • kidney problems • nausea

boxing, gymnastics, jockey, horse racing

• enhance performance • keep up with competition • fame and increased wealth • pressure from coaches • sponsorships and contracts • level playing field with other doping athletes

• ban/suspension • negatively affect credibility of sport • loss of reputation

urine tests, blood tests

the misuse of techniques and/or substances to increase a performers RBC count

erythropoietin (EPO), blood transfusion

stimulate production of RBC

yes

• blood taken 3-4 weeks before comp • blood frozen to maintain high haemoglobin • body naturally replenishes blood • 1-2 days before comp, blood reintroduced

• increased RBC and haemoglobin levels = more o2 transported to muscles • higher aerobic capacity, more energy produced, quicker recovery as more o2 to break down lactic

• thicker, more viscous blood = • heart failure • stroke • pulmonary embolism

amount of danger that actually exists in activity

individual’s subjective/personal judgement about dangers of activity