Organic reactions
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Conditions to turn primary alcohol into an aldehyde
Distillation and use of oxidising agent like Acidified potassium dichromate (vii)
How to turn primary alcohol into a carboxylic acid?
Heat under reflux and add oxidising agent of acidified potassium dichromate (vii)
How to turn secondary alcohols into ketones?
Heat under reflux with oxidising agent like acidified potassium dichromate (vii)
Colour change for reduction of dichromate (vii) ions?
orange to green
Conditions of oxidising for tertiary alcohols?
They do not oxidise under normal conditions
How to dehydrate alcohols to alkenes?
Heat under reflux and add concentrated phosphoric acid
How to go from alcohols to haloalkanes?
Heat under reflux with concentrated sulphuric acid
How to go from alkenes to alcohols?
Steam and phosphoric acid (electrophilic addition)
How to go from an alkene to a haloalkane?
Room temp Hydrogen halides in a gaseous state (Electrophilic addition)
How to go from alkene to an alkane?
Nickel catalyst 423 Kelvin (Electrophilic addition)
How to go from alkane to haloalkane?
UV Light (Free radical substitution)
Conditions of the nitration of Benzene?
Electrophilic substitution Conc. HNO₃ and Conc. H₂SO₄ catalyst 50°C for mono nitration
Conditions of halogenation of benzene?
Electrophilic substitution (Cl ⁺ or Br ⁺ ) Halogen (e.g.Cl₂) + Halogen Carrier catalyst (e.g. AlCl₃/FeCl₃)
Benzene reacting with haloalkanes conditions
Electrophilic substitution ( CH₃⁺) = alkylation Halogen carrier catalyst + reflux +anhydrous conditions Friedel-Crafts reaction
Benzene reacting with acyl chlorides conditions
Electrophilic substitution (CH₃C⁺O) = acylation Halogen carrier catalyst + reflux + anhydrous conditions Friedel-Crafts reactions
Phenol reacting with Nitric acid conditions
Electrophilic substitution dilute HNO₃, no catalyst (reacts much more readily than benzene) forms 2 isomers: 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol
Phenol reacting with bromine conditions
Electrophilic substitution no catalyst + decolourises orange bromine product = 2,4,6-tribromophenol =antiseptic
Reactions of phenol and NaOH
Neutralisation reaction Phenol = weak acid: not acidic enough to react with carbonates :(
How to go from aldehydes to primary alcohols?
Nucleophilic addition (H⁻ Hydride ions) Reducing agent = NaBH₄ (supplies hydride ions) Add water)
How to go from a ketone to a secondary alcohol?
Nucleophilic addition (H⁻ hydride ions) Reducing agent = NaBH₄ (supplies hydride ions) Then add water)
Reactions of carbonyls and hydrogen cyanide (description, benefit)
Nucleophilic addition (:CN⁻⁻⁻) HCN = weak acid, partially dissociates in water ⟶ CN⁻⁻⁻ CN⁻⁻⁻ attacks δ+ carbon on carbonyl group Extends carbon chain H⁺ (from H₂O or HCN) bonds to oxygen = hydroxyl group
How to go from carboxylic acid to acyl chloride?
React with SOCl₂ = thionyl chloride OH group replaced by Cl group
How to go from acyl chloride to an ester?
React with an alcohol, faster and easier than by using a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
How to go from a carboxylic acid to an ester?
Add alcohol Heat with acid catalysts (H₂SO₄) Reversible reaction: separate product as it forms using fractional distillation N.B Oxygen in ester bonds comes from alcohol