Control And Communication and reproduction

Brain Spinal cord

Cerebrum is the largest part and is on top of the brain The cerebellum is at the back of the brain The medulla is connected to the spinal cord

Enables conscious thought, memory and intelligence

Controls balance and muscular coordination

Controls breathing and heart rate

Transport electrical impulses from the sense organ to the effector

Reflex actions prevent the body from damage A rapid action from a muscle e.g. Limb withdrawal Slower response from a gland e.g. The release of a hormone

The neural pathway that controls a reflex action involves 3 types of neurone Sensory neurone carries impulse from sense organ to the relay neurone in the spinal cord Relay neurone carries impulse from sensory neurone to the motor neurone Motor neurone carries impulse from the relay neurone in the spinal cord to the effector

Synapse a tiny gap occurs between neurones

Chemicals diffuse across this space captured by receptors Triggers off an impulse in the receiving neurone

Endocrine glands release hormones into the blood stream. Hormones are chemical messengers. They are slower than electrical impulses Target cells have receptor proteins for hormones so only some tissues are affected by specific

Release growth hormone Target tissues are bones, muscles and liver Hormone stimulates growth during development.

Releases oestrogen Target tissues are the uterus and pituitary gland Hormone repairs uterus lining, regulates menstrual cycle and stimulates pituitary gland to make utenising hormone

Produces insulin hormone Target tissues are liver Hormone controls conversion of excess glucose in the bloodstream to glycogen

After eating a big meal = high blood glucose level therefore pancreas produces more insulin than glucagon, glucose is converted to glycogen, glycogen is stored in the liver and blood glucose levels return to normal. If not eaten in a while = low blood glucose level therefore pancreas produces more glucagon than insulin, glycogen in liver is converted back to glucose therefore glucose is released into the bloodstream and blood glucose levels return to normal

Causes : Genetics, environmental and auto immune factors Symptoms: Urine rich in glucose Produces excessive volumes of urine Persistent thirst Treatment: Daily insulin injections and a careful diet

Causes : Unhealthy diet leading to obesity, physical inactivity and genetics. Symptoms: Urine rich in glucose Produces excessive volumes of urine Persistent thirst Treatment: Exercise, weight loss, diet control and additional insulin in some cases

Increasing obesity rates in Scotland are causing this High fat diet Drinking excessive levels of alcohol regularly Lack of exercise

Diabetes is a condition where the sufferer are unable to control their blood glucose level Diabetes is an example of a failed ‘internal communication’ pathway between different cells in the body.

Reproduction is the process by which members of a species produce offspring

To increase variety in a species To prevent the species from going extinct

Diploid cells have the normal number of pairs of chromosomes E.g. Humans have 46 chromosomes Haploid cells only have E.g. Humans had 23

Liver cells Any body cells Bone cells Skin cells

Sperm cells Egg cells