6.8 Social facilitation and inhibition
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Explain what is meant by the term social facilitation
Social facilitation is when an individual’s performance improves with an audience present
Explain what is meant by the term social facilitation
Social inhibition is when an individuals performance may worsen with an audience present
Briefly explain what is meant by social facilitation and inhibition
The effect of an audience on an individuals performance
“Suggested that four types of ‘others’ may be present during performance, and these can be categorised as passive or interactive”
Zajonc’s model
Explain what Zajonc’s model suggests regarding performance
“Suggested that four types of ‘others’ may be present during performance, and these can be categorised as passive or interactive”
Explain the term ‘passive other’ and give an example to support your answer
Passive others are individuals that do not interact with the performer but have an effect by simply being present, such as: - Audience - Co-actors: a cyclist in front of you speeding up = their presence has made you speed up
Explain the term ‘interactive others’ and give an example to support your answer
Interactive others communicate directly with the performer, such as: - Competitive co-actors (other swimmers in a race who are in direct rivalry with the performer) - Social reinforcers (coach) -
Performance will be facilitated if the performer is:
• An expert and used to performing with an audience • Performing a simple skill which requires limited decision making/information processing • Performing a gross skill of large muscle group movements that does not require accuracy
What is the main effect on a performer is a passive other, such as an audience, is present?
Experience increased arousal levels (which could either increase or decrease performance)
Performance will be inhibited if the performer is
• A novice as they may find the audience intimidating • Performing a complexed skill that requires several decisions to be made and a lot of information processing • Performing a fine skill as it requires accuracy which is difficult to maintain with high arousal
Explain what is meant by a performers dominant response
At heightened levels of arousal, the performer reverts back to their dominant response which is a well learned skill that the performer will use when under competitive pressure
Explain how an experts dominant response may differ from a noice’s
An expert will have over-learned motor programmes stored in their long term memory and their dominant response is likely to be performer correctly (social facilitation). A novice may not have experienced kinaesthesis and by being under pressure (presence of audience) performance will be inhibited.
Explain what is meant by the term ‘evaluation apprehension’
Evaluation apprehension is the perceived fear of being judged.
Identify factors that cause evaluation apprehension
• If the audience is knowledgeable • If significant others are present • An abusive audience • If the performer naturally has high trait anxiety • If the performer has low self efficacy
How could a coach prevent social inhibition
• Decrease the importance of the task • Positive reinforcement • Slowly introduce an audience in training
Identify strategies that could prevent social inhibition
• Familiarisation training (allow an audience to watch you train • Increase self efficacy • Practice skills until kinaesthesis is achieved • Improve selective attention
Identify cognitive strategies that could be used to prevent social inhibition
• Mental rehearsal • Positive self talk • Negative thought stopping