Chapter 5: States of Matter
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What are the key properties of gases?
No fixed shape or volume; compressible; random particle arrangement; free movement.
What are the key properties of liquids?
Take container shape; fixed volume; slightly compressible; limited movement.
What are the key properties of solids?
Fixed shape and volume; incompressible; regular particle arrangement; vibrational movement only.
Name the five types of structures found in elements and compounds.
Simple atomic
What determines the state of a substance at room temperature?
Its structure and bonding.
What are the assumptions of the ideal gas model?
Rapid random motion; negligible volume; no intermolecular forces; elastic collisions.
What is an elastic collision in gases?
A collision where no kinetic energy is lost.
What happens during the melting of a solid?
Particles vibrate more
What happens during freezing of a liquid?
Particles lose energy
What happens during vaporization of a liquid?
Particles move faster
What happens during condensation of a gas?
Particles lose energy
What is vapour pressure?
Pressure exerted by a vapour in equilibrium with its liquid.
How does temperature affect vapour pressure?
Vapour pressure increases with temperature.
What is a crystal lattice?
A regular repeating arrangement of ions
What are the properties of ionic lattices?
Hard
Why are ionic crystals brittle?
Same-charge ions align during a blow
What are metallic lattices made of?
Metal ions surrounded by delocalized electrons.
Why are metals malleable and ductile?
Layers slide while delocalized electrons maintain bonds.
What gives metals high tensile strength?
Strong attraction between ions and delocalized electrons.
What is an alloy?
A mixture of metals or a metal with a non-metal.
Why are alloys stronger than pure metals?
Less regular lattice structure prevents easy sliding of layers.
What is brass made of
and where is it used?
What are lightweight aluminum alloys used for?
Applications needing strength and corrosion resistance.