formulas
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actual size
measured length / magnification
catalytic converter
reduction: 2NO – N2 + O2 oxidation: 2CO + O2 – 2CO2
aerobic respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 – 6CO2 + 6H2O ENERGYY
anaerobic respiration
C6H12O6 – 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
energy from specific heat capacity
q = m c ∆t energy (J) = mass (Kg) x specific h. c. (J/g/K) x temp change (K)
moles in solid
moles = mass / Mr
concentration moles in liquid
conc. = moles / vol (dm^3)
dm^3 into litres and cm^3
1 dm^3 = 1 litre or 1000cm^3
moles in a gas
moles = volume / 24dm^3
work done
force x distance
force
mass (Kg) x acceleration (m/s^2)
GPE gravitational potential energy
mass (Kg) x gravity x height from ground (m)
KE kinetic energy
1/2 mass (Kg) velocity^2 1/2mv^2
efficiency
useful energy output / total energy input x 100
velocity in terms of waves
f x λ frequency (Hz or waves per second) x wavelength (m)
acid + metal
salt + hydrogen
acid + metal oxide
salt + water
acid + metal carbonate
salt + water + carbon dioxide
acid + base/alkali
salt + water
salt
acid + metal
acid
hydrogen ions
alkali
hydroxide ions except ammonia NH3
alkane
Cn H2n+2
alkene
Cn H2n