Chapter 3: States of Matter
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John Dalton said that “all matter is made up of extremely small particles” called what?
atoms
Atoms combine to form what?
molecules
What provides the basis for the scientific understanding of all matter?
atomic theory of matter
What theory explains molecular motion?
the kinetic theory of matter
What are the two rules of the kinetic theory of molecular motion?
• all molecules of matter are in constant motion 2. the warmer the object, the faster its molecules move
Atoms or molecules of the same substance are held together by an attraction called?
cohesion
The random motion of microscopic particles is known as what?
Brownian motion
What is the process of mixing molecules of one substance with another substance by random molecular motion and is a specific application of kinetic theory?
diffusion
What is the definition of semipermeable?
allowing certain substances to pass through it but not others
What type of solids molecules or atoms are arranged in a well-ordered pattern?
Crystalline solids
What type of solids molecules do NOT have their molecules arranged in orderly patterns?
Amorphous solids
What term refers to when a solid undergoes a change in shape when a force moves its normally stationary molecules?
deformation
What is the ability of a solid to recover its original shape after being deformed?
elasticity
Define plasticity.
the maximum amount of permanent deformation to which a material be subjected without breaking
What term refers to the resistance of a material to a certain types of small deformations?
hardness
What scale ranks materials in order of their ability to be scratched?
the Mohs scale
What scale measures how easily a material is dented by a hard ball?
the Brinell hardness scale
There are five main types of deformation. What are they?
stretching, compression, bending, shear, and torsion
Which of the five types of deformation is a combination of both stretching and compression?
Bending
What occurs when two forces in opposite directions are side by side? example: scissors
shear
When the molecules in an object are pulled apart, they undergo what?
stretching
Define torsion.
twisting an object in opposite directions [almost like shear, but in a circle]
What is the definition of compression?
it consists of forces pushing in on a material, trying to squeeze the atoms together
Robert Hooke discovered that, for small amounts of stretching, this force has a simple relationship to the amount of stretching. This is known as what principle?
Hooke’s law