Chapter 14
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How can we control the use of free energy and store it when we breakdown sugar? and what happens when nonlivign things burn sugar directly?
We use active carriers in multiple steps; all free energy becomes heat and nothing is stored
The proton gradient and the ATP pump together do what?
they work together to do something called chemiosmotic coupling
how do we know mutto and chloro came from bacterial endosymbiosis?
they reproduce similar to bacteria and sotre own RNA and protein making stuff
What is produced by the citric acid (TCA) cycle?
acetyl coA
What carriers donate high energy electrons to the TCA cycle?
NADH and FADH2
What loses energy through the ETC and what gains energy thorugh the ETC?
electrons will lose energy and the transport proteins will gain energy as you go through (i.e. the last carrier has the most energy)
The proton gradient is a form of __ energy that needs to be converted to ___ energy
potential; chemical
The final electron acceptor in the ETC is ___ and it forms ____.
Oxygen, it makes water
What would happen if you uncouple the chemiosmotic coupling in your body? What even is chemiosmotic coupling?
You’d die bro; its ETC + ATP maker
When would ATP maker reverse to be ATP breaker?
When theres lots of ATP in the cell or lots of H+ (protons) in the cell
What drives the ATP and ADP exchanger in the matrix of the mitochondria?
The voltage gradient
What brings in pyruvate into the matrix?
the pH gradient. If protons are higher, you wanna move high to low so you bring in your protons but also pyruvate with ‘em at the same time (this is called a symport)
What best describes the role of NADH?
Carries high energy electrons from TCA to ETC?
What force drives the ATP synthase?
THe proton motive force (wow, what a motivation for us all!)
How many electrons can ubiquinone (mobile carrier Q)carry?
2 e-
What do the protein complexes have in common ?
they have iron as a part of them (iron sulfur complexes)
Is the overall pathway for the ETC - or +? In terms of delta G
Its negative (so negative (less than 0) delta G)
The cytochrome proteins (theres 3 and 2 of those are complexes and 1 is a mobile carrier) have their iron placed how?
thir iron is in heme groups that is attached to cytochrome
what happens in mitochondria if they are exposed to a chemical such as 2,4 dinitrophenol (DNP) that makes the inner membrane permeable to H+ ions?
ATP production STOPS and you die. bleh
Where does the calvin cycle happen ? Is it light or dark?
In the stroma of the chloroplast; dark
True or false, oxygen is also the final electron acceptor for chloroplasts photosynthesis?
False, the final acceptor is NADP+
What is stage 1 of photosynthesis? aka what comes in and what gets made. where?
Light comes in and you make ATP and NADPH in your light reactions. happens in the thylakoid membrane
What happens in stage 2 reactions of photosynthesis?
The carbon fixatoin cycle makes glyceraldehyde 3phosphate and other sugars, AA, and FA in the light intedependent reactions of the stroma
Cholorophyll loves to absorb which pigments?
blue and red are easiest, green is NOT