LO 1.0 - Discuss the Structure and Function of Typical Plant External and Internal Anatomy

The BIOSPHERE includes all life on earth and the places where life exists. Biological Organisation

Oceans, Forests, Grasslands, Lakes, Deserts Biological Organisation

BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES All organisms sharing the same ecosystem. i.e In a forest ecosystem all the different trees, plants species. It also includes all the animals and other visible and non-visible life.

POPULATION Biological Organisation

ORGANISMS i.e. A tree is an ORGANISM Biological Organisation

In an individual organism have ORGANS or SYSTEMS. i.e. a leaf is an organ of a tree or plant Biological Organisation

TISSUES Example tissues are the Xylem and Phloem that carry food and water. Biological Organisation

Some shared characteristics of cells • All cells have a membrane that controls passage of materials. • All cells have some kind of DNA or genetic material. • They can reproduce. Inside of cells there are ORGANELLES Biological Organisation

Take 3 minutes to watch the video on Biological Organisation. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQ26klraKvU Biological Organisation

There are ~2 million species that have been described by science but many more are unknown. In 1735, Carl Linnaeus created the TAXONOMY system. CLASSIFICATION - TAXONOMY

• So, DOMAIN is a sub division of LIFE • KINGDOM is a subdivision of DOMAIN • and etc… CLASSIFICATION - TAXONOMY

• Organisms are classified and grouped by characteristics and traits • Often based on a common ancestry • The first large division in the system is called the DOMAIN CLASSIFICATION - TAXONOMY

Phylogenetics is the study of evolutionary relationships between living things. The Tree of Life CLASSIFICATION - TAXONOMY

Eukaryota has NUCLEUS, is more complex than Bacteria and Archaea. CLASSIFICATION - TAXONOMY

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes CLASSIFICATION - TAXONOMY

PROKARYOTES • No membrane bound organelles • No nucleus • Singular celled • Bacteria and archaea • Bacteria are tiny and simpler operating CLASSIFICATION - TAXONOMY

EUKARYOTES * Humans, insects, fungi, plants * Single celled or multi-cellular (usually) * Membrane bound organelles * Organelle bound cells including having a nucleus * Bigger cells – more power/organised CLASSIFICATION - TAXONOMY

The Five/Six Kingdoms. 1. Plantae (Plants, eukaryotic) 2. Animals (All multicellular animals, eukaryotic) 3. Fungi (moulds, Mushrooms, yeasts, eukaryotic) 4. Protista (Amoeba, plasmodium, unicellular organisms, some algae, eukaryotic single celled organisms) 5. Bacteria, (blue-green algae) & Archaea (prokaryotes) CLASSIFICATION - TAXONOMY

Phyllum is more complex – flowering angiosperms and non-flowering gymnosperms plants (also vascular and non vascular) Gymnosperms are the naked seed plants such as conifers and cycads – non vascular plants include mosses and liverworts CLASSIFICATION - TAXONOMY

Class is also complex – It is divides between the Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons Order is a grouping of similar families of plants CLASSIFICATION - TAXONOMY

FAMILY * 452 vascular plant families so far world wide * Plants that share traits/characteristics * Important for Plant Identification * Use a key to identify * Often based on observation of flower characteristics (i.e. numbers of petals etc) * Important for Crop Rotation CLASSIFICATION - TAXONOMY

GENUS & SPECIES. * At species level you are identifying individual organisms. * At a species level, you are looking for very specific characteristics, i.e. leaf size between one vetch and another or a slight different shape in a petal or a line of hair up a stem – very specific. * It can be quite difficult!! * Apps - PlantNet, Flora Incognita etc CLASSIFICATION - TAXONOMY

Common name and Latin name. CLASSIFICATION - TAXONOMY

• Genus and species written in Latin with Capital letter for genus and small letter for species, underlined or in Italics Example: Fraxinus excelsior or Fraxinus excelsior, Common name: Ash Tree • There are many different international and local common names for species Example: Gorse, Whin, Furze – Common names Latin: Ulex europaeus The use of Latin genus and species is globally universal CLASSIFICATION - TAXONOMY