Unit 4.3 Alcohols and Phenol
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Tips wise, how do i even go abouts efficiently learning mechanisms n stuff
Don’t make the same mistake for physics (totally unrelated to the question) The whiteboard merchant.
What’s the difference between primary alcohols and secondary alcohols? (2 thingies)
• Primary alcohol = OH technically on either side • Secondary alcohol = OH on the “second” carbon
How do u convert halogenoalkanes into alcohols? (2 similars + 1 thing)
• Nucleophilic substitution • Hydrolysis • Forms a primary alcohol
What are the conditions required to convert halogenoalkanes into alcohols? (2-way)
• Heat to reflux • with aq sodium hydroxide
Class of mechanism of converting halogenoalkanes into alcohols?
Nucleophilic substitution
Show me the equation and mechanism using potassium hydroxide and 2-bromobutane (Halogenoalkanes into alcohols) (Hm.)
The whiteboard buddy C4H9Br + KOH -> C4H9OH + KBr
Show nucleophilic substitution for: 1. CN- and 1-chloropropane 2. NH3 and 1-bromobutane (Heavily whiteboard based)
• No eqn :( • But u could at least try form the equation right?: H3CCH2CH2Cl + CN- -> H3CCH2CH2CN + Cl- Couldn’t tell u for 2.
What’s the purpose of the reduction of aldehydes and ketones?
Form primary and secondary alcohols
What do u need to reduce ketones and aldehydes? (2 compounds)
• Sodium borohydride (NaBH4 • Lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4)
What’s the jig with Lithium aluminium hydride? (2-way)
• LiAlH4 must be dissolved • in ethoxyethane (dry)
How to tell if it’s oxidation or reduction within a chemical equation? (2 features)
• [O] = oxidation • [H] = reduction
What are ketones reduced to?
Secondary alcohols
Show chemical equation of the reduction of propan-2-one indicating conditions required. (You should use a whiteboard)
CH3(C=O)CH3 + Z[H] -> CH3CH(OH)CH3
Show the mechanism of the reduction of propan-2-one (Whiteboard?)
Where’s your whiteboard
What’s the mechanism used for the reduction of ketones?
Nucleophilic addition
What are aldehydes reduced to?
Primary alcohols
Show chemical equation of the reduction of ethanal indicating conditions required. (You should use a whiteboard)
CH3C(=O)H + 2[H] -> CH3CH(OH)H
Show the mechanism of the reduction of ethanal (Whiteboard?)
Where’s your whiteboard
What’s the mechanism used for the reduction of aldehydes?
Nucleophilic addition
What other compound can be reduced to primary alcohols?
Carboxylic acids
What must u use (and its conditions) to reduce carboxylic acid to primary alcohols? (3 things)
• Lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4) • Must be used under anhydrous conditions • Dissolved in ethoxyethane (diethyl ether)
Show chemical equation of the reduction of propanoic acid indicating conditions required. (You should use a whiteboard)
H3CCH2C(=O)OH + 4[H] -> H3CCH2CH2(OH) + H2O (LiAlH4)
What is the “Lucas Test”? (2-way)
• Test to distinguish between • the different classes of alcohols
How is the Lucas Test performed? (2 steps each w/ halves)
1) Small amount of zinc chloride added as catalyst 1.5) & concentrated hydrochloric acid 2) Observe cloudiness 2.5) … the formation of insoluble chloro-compound