5 Energy in Cells: Catalysis, Enzymes, and ATP as an Energy Source
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oxidation
removal of e-
free energy G
is the amount of energy available to do work
change in free energy
G final - G initial
delta G < 0
release E; exergonic
delta G > 0
consumes energy; not spontaneous; endergonic
catalyst
lower the activation energy of chemical reactions; delta G does not change
chemical reactions are
reversible
at equilibrium, the rate of the forward and reverse reaction are
equal
how do cells make endergonic reactions happen
endergonic reactions can be coupled to exergonic ones
synthesis of ATP is coupled to
exergonic reactions
breakdown of ATP can be coupled to
endergonic reactions
how do enzymes catalyze reactions
substrates bind the active site by lowering the activation energy
induced fit
binding of substrate to enzyme is exergonic and this change the conformation to the enzyme to better accommodate the substrate
inhibiting enzyme activity
competitive inhibitors; non-competitive inhibitors
competitive inhibitors
bind the active site
non-competitive inhibitors
bind elsewhere and change the conformation of the enzyme to prevent substrate binding or reaction; allosteric inhibition
allosteric regulator
changes the shape of an enzyme; can inhibit or activate enzymes