1.4.1 Data Types

They are referred to by their base; the number of symbols used to form combinations

Denary Binary Hexadecimal

16 Using values 0-9, and then A-F

Easy to understand Hard to use in electronics

It is easier to read and remember than binary It is quicker to type than binary, hence less chance of typing errors. Easy to transcribe to and from binary Hard to use with Circuitry

Simple to use with circuitry Difficult to read for humans

Used to represent colors (#RRGGBB)- each hex value represents the intensity of one of three color channels Used to define MAC addresses

When binary numbers use a specifically placed binary point.

A binary value where the MSB acts as a sign bit: 1 = Negative, 0 = Positive

The MSB is negative, usually -128

Find binary value Flip all bits Add 1

The binary standard form that consists of the following: A sign bit and mantissa, represented in 2’s compliment An Exponent represented in 2’s compliment

Check the mantissa sign to see if positive or negative Find the first bit which has a value opposite to the sign bit Place binary point in front of this bit Adjust the exponent, so the number maintains the same value.

Calculate two’s compliment Convert to fixed point Normalize

Normalize both numbers, making sure both exponents are the same Add the mantissa Normalize the result When subtracting: Convert the second number into a 2’s compliment negative value and do the same thing

Shift every value rightward Move LSB into carry bit Pad with 0

Pad front with MSB to preserve sign bit Shift all other bits rightward Shift LSB into carry bit

Pad the end with a 0 Shift all other bits left Shift MSB into carry bit (not preserved)

Use arithmetic shifts and add them together

Ending with the 2nd MSB and shift all left pad the end with MSB.

Moves the bits of a binary number to the right, with the rightmost bit wrapping around to the leftmost position