Biology Cb6
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What is the process by which chemical energy stored in glucose is released?
Respiration Respiration involves enzyme-controlled reactions.
What is generated from the energy released during the breakdown of glucose?
ATP ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate.
Name three cellular activities that ATP energy can be used for.
• Muscle cell contraction • Cell division • Protein synthesis • Transmission of nerve impulses • Active transport These activities are essential for cell function.
What is produced when glucose is broken down in stage 1 of respiration?
2 molecules of pyruvate This reaction also releases enough energy to produce 2 molecules of ATP.
What happens if oxygen is present during respiration?
Aerobic respiration takes place This is the more efficient form of respiration.
What are the end products of each pyruvate during stage 2 of aerobic respiration?
Carbon dioxide and water This stage releases enough energy to produce a large number of ATP molecules.
Fill in the blank: Glucose is broken down to _______ in stage 1.
2 molecules of pyruvate This process is crucial for ATP production.
What pathway takes place in the absence of oxygen?
Fermentation pathway Fermentation occurs when oxygen is not available for cellular respiration.
In animal cells, what are pyruvate molecules converted to during fermentation?
Lactate This conversion occurs in the second stage of fermentation.
In plant and yeast cells, pyruvate is converted to _______ and ethanol during fermentation.
Carbon dioxide This conversion also occurs in the second stage of fermentation.
How many molecules of ATP are yielded from the breakdown of each glucose molecule via the fermentation pathway?
2 molecules of ATP This is significantly less than what is produced during aerobic respiration.
Where does respiration always begin?
Cytoplasm This is the initial stage for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
In which part of the cell is aerobic respiration completed?
Mitochondria Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell.
What is the relationship between energy requirement and the number of mitochondria in a cell?
Higher energy requirement leads to a greater number of mitochondria Sperm cells and muscle cells exemplify this relationship.
Which type of cells have high numbers of mitochondria?
Sperm cells and muscle cells These cells require significant energy for their functions.
What is a respirometer used for?
To measure the rate of respiration of small invertebrates or germinating peas Respirometers help in studying respiration rates in various organisms.