Chapters 11
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Analytical chemistry
The branch of modern chemistry that deals with the separation, purification, identification and quantification of chemical substances.
Anion
A negatively charged ion.
Cation
A positively charged ion.
Atom
The basic chemical unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of the element.
Atomic Number
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
Atomic Mass (weight)
The mass of an atom that is expressed in the standard unit of atomic mass units (amu): approximately equal to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom.
Chemical Analysis
The process of determining the composition of a substance
Chemical Property
The property of a substance characterized by a chemical reaction and causing a change in the starting substance.
Chromatography
The process of separating the components of a mixture that relies on the differential affinities of the various components with some medium, such as a solid, gas or liquid.
Classical Analysis
Direct chemical methods for analysis of a substance.
Combustion Analysis
The method to determine the composition of a substance by reacting it with oxygen in a combustion reaction and quantitatively characterizing the products formed. Primarily used for carbon and hydrogen analysis of organic compounds.
Detection Limit
The smallest amount of a substance that can be distinguished with certainty from the background or the absence of the substance.
Concentration
The amount of solute dissolved in a specific quantity of solvent, usually given in moles of solute in one liter of solution (molarity)
Confirmatory Test (chemical)
An analytical procedure used with a high degree of certainty to identify a substances or the components of a mixture
Element
A substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means, consisting of atoms with the same number of protons.
Conservation of Mass (Law of)
The physical law that states that matter cannot be created or destroyed
Empirical Formula
The formula of a substance that shows the relative proportions of the elements present but not necessarily the actual molecular composition of the substance.
Destructive Analysis
A chemical process where the sample is destroyed during the analytical procedure
Extrinsic Properties
Physical properties that depend upon the amount of substance present, such as heat and mass
Constant Composition (Law of)
The principle that states that a pure compound always containsthe same elements in exactly the same relative proportions.
Density
The mass of a substance per unit volume.
Electron
The small, stable subatomic particle carrying a negative charge equal and opposite to the positive charge on the proton.
Gas
A substance that moves freely to fill all available space, without a definite shape or volume.
Heterogeneous Mixture
A mixture that is composed on two or more components that does not result in a uniform composition, appearance or properties.