2.1 cell structure

• surface cell membrane • mitochondria • ribosomes 80s • smooth ER • rough ER • centrioles • cytoskeleton • cytoplasm • golgi appratus • lysosome • nucleolus • nucelar pore • nuclear envelope • (flagella)

• surface cell membrane • mitochondria • ribosomes 80s • smooth ER • rough ER • centrioles • cytoskeleton • cytoplasm • golgi appratus • lysosome • nucleolus • nucelar pore • nuclear envelope • cell wall • vacuole • chloroplast

• cell sruface membrane • cell wall • cytoplasm • slimy capsule • circular DNA • ribosome 70s • plasmids • flagella • pili • infolding cell membrane

• rigid dturtcure that surroudn the cell • in plants made of cellulose • in bacteria made of murein/peptidoglycan

• found on surface of animal cells, just inside plant and bacteria cells • phospholipid bilayer • regulates movement of subtances into and out of cell • have receptor molecules which allow ot repond to chemicals

• usually oval-shaped • have a double membrane - inner one folds to form cristae which increases sruafec area to increase rate of reactions • inside is matrix which containes enzymes involved in respiration • site of aerobic respiration where ATP is produced • found in large numbers in cells that are very active ad require a lot fo energy eg. sperm

• very small organells • 80s in plant and animal • 70s in bacteria cells • eitehr float in cytoplasm or attached to rough ER • made up of protiens and RNA • not surrounded by membrane • site of proteinsynthesis

• system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space • synthesise and process lipids and carbohydrates

• system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space • covered in ribosomes • synthesise and process proteins to the secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures that have been made at the ribosomes

• most concentrated part of chromatin in the nucleus

• double membrane surrounding the chromatin and nucleolus

• holes in the nuclear envelope which allow for mRNA to leave the nucleus to the ribosomes

• a group of fluid-filled membrane bound flagttened sacs • vesciles are released at the edges carrying proteins and lipids out of the cell • further processes, synthesisis and packages protiens andlipids • has a trans face and cis face

• small hollow cylider made of microtubules • found in animal cells eg sperm in flagella and cillia • involved with the seperation of chromosomes during cell division

• galetinous liquid inside cells • site of chemical reactions

• small fluid filled sace in the cytoplasm surrounded by phospholid membrane • transports subtances in and out of cell and between organells • some formed by golig apparatus or the endoplasmic rectilium whilst oither formed at cell surface

• round organells surounded by a phsopholipid membrane with mo clear intenral structre • contain digestuve enzymes to digest invading cells or to break down worn out component of cell

• small flattened strctre found in plant cells • surrounded by double membrane - membrane called thylakoid • thylakoid stacks up on one another to form granae, linked by lamallae (thin long pieces of thylakoid membrane)

• singular strand of circular DNA dformign a closed loop • contaisn genetci information for bascteria cell

• small circular rings of NDA, contain genes that can be passed between cells using pilli

• used for attacgemtn to otehr cells or surfaces involved in sexual reproduction • can transfer plasmids between cells • introcellular communucation

• helps protect from drying out and from attacsk of other cellls of host organsim

• increases surface area for chemical reactions • eg. some bacteria cells have chloroplast so may increasing rate of photsynthesis