Test 3/19

A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity, made up of specific sequences of DNA located on chromosomes

Alleles are the hidden, coded information, while traits are the visible outcome

allele pair itself represents the genotype. psychical trait represents the phenotype

Homozygous (Purebred). Refers to having two identical alleles for a specific trait.Heterozygous (Hybrid):Refers to having two different alleles for a specific gene

A dominant allele expresses its phenotype even if only one copy is present. A recessive allele only shows its effect if two copies are inherited, one from each parent.

Codominance occurs when two different alleles are both fully expressed in the heterozygous phenotype, with neither allele dominating or masking the other.

they were distinct, specialized variations—such as unique tortoise shells and finch beaks—suited to specific food sources on each island.

Darwin’s finches demonstrate adaptation through specialized beak shapes that evolved to match available food sources on different Galápagos islands, ensuring survival and reproduction.

Individuals with advantageous traits—arising from random mutations—are better adapted to their environment, surviving and reproducing more frequently

One of the main ways a new species forms is through allopatric speciation

extinction represents the end of a lineage without successful adaptation

A mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence—the “spelling”—of an organism’s genetic material.

using true-breeding plants to ensure consistent traits, physically removing stamens to prevent self-pollination, and using a paintbrush to cross-pollinate specific plants by hand.

the preserved remains, impressions, or traces of ancient organisms—typically over 10,000 years old—found within the Earth’s crust