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Topic 5.19-5.24 - Dynamic equilibria

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Total cards: 10•Content version: v4•Public deck•Updated: 8/1/2026

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#1
Front (Question)

Describe the Haber process

Back (Answer)

A reversible reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia

#2
Front (Question)

Predict how the rate of attainment of equilibrium is affected by changes in temperature

Back (Answer)

Equilibrium​ ​is​ ​reached​ ​at​ ​a​ ​faster​ ​rate​ ​when a​ ​higher​ ​temperature​ ​is​ ​used​ ​(particles​ ​have​ ​more​ ​kinetic​ ​energy​ ​so​ ​collide​ ​more frequently​ ​so​ ​have​ ​more​ ​successful​ ​collisions)

#3
Front (Question)

Predict how the rate of attainment of equilibrium is affected by changes in pressure and/or concentration

Back (Answer)

Equilibrium​ ​is​ ​reached​ ​at​ ​a​ ​faster​ ​rate​ ​when a​​ ​higher​ ​pressure/concentration​ ​is​ ​used​ ​(more​ ​particles​ ​in​ ​a​ ​given​ ​volume,​ ​so more​ ​frequent​ ​successful​ ​collisions)

#4
Front (Question)

Predict how the rate of attainment of equilibrium is affected by the use of a catalyst

Back (Answer)

Equilibrium​ ​is​ ​reached​ ​at​ ​a​ ​faster​ ​rate​​ (it provides an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy)

#5
Front (Question)

Explain the conditions, in industrial reactions, used for the Haber process

Back (Answer)

For the Haber process - ​the purified gases are passed over a catalyst of iron at a high ​temperature​ ​(about​ ​450​ ​°C)​ ​and​ ​a​ ​high​ ​pressure​ ​(about​ ​200​ ​atmospheres).

#6
Front (Question)

Explain what the conditions in industry reactions are related to and why

Back (Answer)

-High​ ​temperatures​ ​and​ ​pressures​ ​are​ ​desired​ ​for​ ​industrial​ ​reactions​ ​to increase​ ​the​ ​rate​ ​of​ ​reaction -But,​ ​a​ ​higher​ ​temperature​ ​shifts​ ​equilibrium​ ​towards​ ​the​ ​reactants​ ​(as the​ reverse reaction is endothermic and the ​forwards​ ​reaction​ ​is​ ​exothermic),​ ​therefore​ ​a​ ​compromise​ ​is​ ​required to​ ​ensure​ ​a​ ​fast​ ​rate​ ​of​ ​reaction​ ​and​ ​a​ ​high​ ​yield​ ​of​ ​products -Catalyst​ ​is​ ​used​ ​because​ ​of​ ​the​ ​effect​ ​of​ ​having​ ​an​ ​increased​ ​rate​ ​of reaction,​ ​however​ ​they​ ​are​ ​also​ ​expensive -High​ ​temperatures​ ​and​ ​pressures​ ​can​ ​be​ ​expensive​ ​and​ ​dangerous​ ​as​ ​well (particularly​ ​pressures)​ ​and​ ​the​ ​equipment​ ​required​ ​for​ ​them​ ​can​ ​be​ ​very expensive

#7
Front (Question)

What may fertilisers contain and why?

Back (Answer)

Fertilisers may contain nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compounds to promote plant growth. NPK fertilisers contain compounds of all 3.

#8
Front (Question)

Describe how ammonia reacts with nitric acid

Back (Answer)

Ammonia acts as a base. They react to produce a salt, ammonium nitrate, which can be used as a fertiliser

#9
Front (Question)

Describe the laboratory preparation of ammonium sulfate

Back (Answer)

The reactants are ammonia solution and dilute sulphuric acid (bought from chemical manufacturers). This is done on a small scale and only includes a few stages (titration, then crystallisation) 2NH₃ + H₂SO₄ –> (NH₄)2SO₄

#10
Front (Question)

Describe the industrial production of ammonium sulfate

Back (Answer)

The reactants are natural gas, air and water to make ammonia and sulphur, air and water to make sulphuric acid. This is done on a large scale and requires many stages, including making the ammonia and sulphuric acid, reacting accurate volumes and then evaporating it.