Exam 1

• Observe • Propose a hypothesis • Develop a test of the hypothesis and predict the result • Gather Data from test • Interpret your results OPDGI: op, doggy (lol im sorry i was trynna make it easy to remember)

They are resources/services that are provided by environmental systems that offer provisions, support, and regulation. (Photosynthesis, food, fuel, decomposition, carbon capture, etc).

Progress in human well-being that we can extend/prolong over many generations.

Critical Thinking is how we describe logical, orderly, analytical assessments of ideas, evidence, and arguments.

To compare differences, and when the independent variable is not continuous (discrete).

To depict a trend over a period of time. They are effective when the independent variable changes/ is continuous. Has a predictable trend.

Is a factor that tends to* increase* a process or component. Rabbits eat, rapidly reproduce, thus creating more food for predators.

Is a factor that tends to diminish a process.

States that energy is conserved; neither created nor destroyed under normal conditions. Energy may be transformed, but total amount does not change.

With each successive energy transfer in a system, less energy is available. Also recognizes that disorder tends to increase in all natural systems overtime (Entropy)

• The first law: The energy (food) transforms and feeds energy to different parts of an organism, but the total “balance” remains constant. • The second law: A continual supply of energy is required to maintain an organism. Every time a cell uses energy to do work, some is dissipated or lost as heat. If supplies are interrupted or depleted, result is death. Also as energy is transferred up trophic levels more and more energy is lost

An organism’s feeding status in an ecosystem. AKA (Step in the movement of energy through an ecosystem) Primary Producers, Primary Consumers, Secondary Consumers, Tertiary Consumers.

• Some of the food that organisms eat is undigested and does not provide usable energy. • Some chemical energy (food) is converted to kinetic or heat energy, which dissipates to the environment. • Energy that is used in growth (ex. muscle tissue) remains available for consumption at next level. Think of the Biomass Pyramid, and 10 percent rule. (only 10% is seen into next higher level)

These elements are essential for all continuation of life, and get recycled through their respective cycles by natural processes to sustain populations.

• Plants take carbon from atmosphere to produce sugar, energy (Carbon Fixation) • Plants get consumed • Returns to environment (air, earth, or water) • Either released naturally back into atmosphere, or extracted by humans. ( combustion) Carbon is cycled endlessly via its biogeochemical cycle Hank Green says “Lots of things living and dying and slopping carbon in the process”

• Fixation bacteria • Nitrification • Plant uptake (Assimilation) • Consumption of plants • Decomposition (ammoniafication) • Gas, into atmoshere (denirtification)

• Weathering and mining of phosphate rock • Plant uptake from soil • Plant or animal dies, P returns to soil • Can end up in waterways and oceans, slowly incorporated into sediments • Geological uplift

Environmental pressures cause certain genetic combinations in a population to become more abundant; The best ones become predominant They be getting bitches 🫦💦

Keeps an organism from expanding elsewhere, can include 1. Physiological Stress due to bad environmental levels 2. Competition 3. Predation, parasitism or disease

• Generalists= Species that can tolerate a wide range of conditions/ use many resources. • Specialists= Require specific conditions, and use a very specific set of resources. (ex. Pandas)

• Interspecific= Competition for resources in different species • Intraspecific= Competition for resources among members of the* same* species. (intrA, sAme) (intEr, diffErEnt)

A superior competitor in a habitat will build up a larger population than its competition; increase hunting pressures.

The intimate living together of members of two species (Mutualism++, Commensalism+0, sometimes parasitism+-)

A symbiotic relationship in which both species clearly benefit. ++