Living Things and Their Environment
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Define the main key terms: ecology, habitat, population, community, ecosystem. 5 marks
• Ecology is the study of ecosystems. • Habitat is the place or the location where an organism (or a biological population) lives. • Population is how many of a species lives in an area. • Community is an interacting group of various species in a common location. • An ecosystem is how communities interact with each other.
What factors influence environment? 7 marks
• Temperature • Oxygen • pH • Water • Pressure • Radiation • Nutrients
Give an example of and explain an organism that has adapted to its environment. 5 marks
A polar bear is suited to its environment because: * Its white fur helps it blend in with snow and ice * Its small ears reduce heat loss * Its large size reduces surface area, therefore reducing heat loss * Its large paws spread its weight on the ice
What causes changes in population sizes? 4 marks
• Immigration • Emigration • Lack/abundance of food • Predators
List and describe four factors limiting population growth. 8 marks
• Predators - if a species is preyed on, it cannot grow as quickly. • Food availability - not enough food = less population growth. • Competition - more competition = less growth. • Birth rate - more births = more growth.
Give an example of a food chain. Name the organisms at all trophic levels. 8 marks
Producer ==> Primary consumer ==> Secondary consumer ==> Tertiary consumer/Apex predator Grass ==> Grasshopper ==> Snake ==> Hawk
What is the role of decomposers in a food chain? 2 marks
Decomposers break down dead biomass into nutrients that can be used by plants.
All energy in a food chain comes from the Sun, but only ……….% of energy is passed on to each level of the food chain. 1 mark
10%
Green plants get their energy from 1)………., and animals get their energy from 2)………. .
• Photosynthesis • Respiration
Write out the word equation for aerobic an anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic Glucose + Oxygen ====> Carbon dioxide + Water (+ energy) Anaerobic Glucose ====> Lactic acid (+ some energy) Anaerobic in yeast Glucose ====> Carbon dioxide + Ethanol (alcohol) (+ some energy)