Pollution - Pesticides

DDT used on malaria mosquito swamps has saved millions of lives later used as an agricultural insecticide due to its desirable properties

neurotoxin overstimulates to death common use in malaria swamps

persistent - toxic to insects but not humans, continued to protect crops long after application high liposolubility - bioaccumulative and biomagnifing low water solubility - not washed off in rain

kill non target species thin egg shells decades long residence time use now banned or heavily restricted

Sarin Agent Orange ^gas bombs used in WW2 Round Up weed killer

neurotoxin inactivates enzymes nerve function damaged poisons mammals - acute exposure by farmers at toxic levels causes death impaired memory, Alzheimer’s, depression, ADHD, behavioural changes possible carcinogen

low persistence - degrades quicky low liposolubilty - does not bioaccumulate/ magnify high mammal toxicity e.g to farmers

water soluble - found in drinking water kills wild mammals (non target species)

toxic to fish safe for humans, domestic insecticides disrupts nervous system of insect causing paralysis

high insect toxicity not persistent - do not bioaccumulate or magnify

toxic to fish, do not use near rivers or fish farms

most widely used insecticide, chemically similar to nicotine

neurotoxin - inhibit action of neurotransmitters BUT can be used as coated seed treatment to minimise harmful impacts of non target species

high insect toxicity low vertebrates toxicity (cannot cross blood- brain barrier) relatively persistent water soluble remain in soil long enough to be absorbed by roots and translocated with crops that are then protected from insect pests synergetic with some fungicides when present together

may build up in aquifers, cause problems in future toxic to bees linked to decline of many bee populations neurotoxic effect - reduce ability to navigate, reduce immunity to disease most dangerous when neonicotinoid dust carried in wind