Bilingualism
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study of language rules and use as function of role, socioeconomic status, linguistic or cultural context
Sociolinguistics
word for differences in language because of sociolinguistics (neutral, none is better than other)
dialect
Six factors that can contribute to dialects
Geography Socioeco status Race/ethnicity Situation Peers Bilingualism
people who have equal skill in two languages are __ bilingual speakers
balanced
people who start one language before age 3 and one after are called ___ bilingual speakers
successive
people who started both languages before age 3 are ___ bilingual speakers
simultaneous
speaker shifting from one language to other, especially when both are spoken in environment
Code switching
IDENTIFY TYPE OF BILINGUALISM AND STAGE -Chooses one language over other -Initially combines phonologies of two languages, but separated by age 3
stage 1, simultaneous
IDENTIFY TYPE OF BILINGUALISM AND STAGE -Two sep vocabs for two languages but same grammatical system -Tend to learn constructions that are same in both languages first -Simpler versions learned first
stage 2, simultaneous
IDENTIFY TYPE OF BILINGUALISM AND STAGE -Keep syntactic, semantic and phonological systems separate -Interference is primarily in syntax
simultaneous, stage 3
IDENTIFY TYPE OF BILINGUALISM AND STAGE -Development of social and personal relationships with second language speaking people in community -Child’s responses limited to basic vocab words and common phrases -Primary focus on listening to what is said, repeating linguistic patterns and establishing relationship
successive, stage 1
IDENTIFY TYPE OF BILINGUALISM AND STAGE -Child makes intensive effort to communicate without being concerned about grammar -Interlanguage - child uses invented rules along with rules of first language and second language
successive, stage 2
IDENTIFY TYPE OF BILINGUALISM AND STAGE -Focuses on accurately applying second language rules -Use knowledge gained in first language to master second -Initial productions are simple - gradually child gains more knowledge and confidence - complexity increases
Successive, stage 3
speakers shifting from one language to other, especially when both are spoken in environment
code switching
Six factors affecting second language acquisition
1) when exposed 2) social pressures 3) learning aptitude and environment 4) how similar are languages 5) motivation to learn language 6) parenting - are they using language they are most proficient with?
how long does silent period last?
several weeks - year
3 other names for silent period
Pre-productive, non-verbal or receptive phrase
When children exposed to second language and don’t speak it, they are in their
silent period
Three theories why silent period happens
-Child actively learning by listening to features and building understanding -May be having psychological uncertainty or distress -May not have the language skills to express selves yet
How to help bilingual kids in classroom
-Choosing language input that is important - ie instructions on bathroom, etc -Directing child’s attention to input -Providing opportunities to make communication exchanges - accessible activities