Lecture 8 - arousal and sleep

• physical • emotional • behavioural • cognitive

• Shaky voice • tremors • jumpiness • escape/ avoidance • type a behaviour (hostile, impatient, competetive)

• impaired decision making • remuniation/ catastrophising • reduced concentration • low mental flexibility (wont change mind)

• coping resources and methods • control • predicitability • cognitive appraisal (how you think about it) - helped by social support

not about eating/ sleep, about fighting and quick responses • pupils dilate to sleep better • digestive system inhibited, blood needed elsewhere • saliva inhibited • bronchi dilate (more 02 in) • adrenal glands secrete adrenaline and noreaderinaline • liver pumps glucose to body • bladder ihibited

• just does opposite to sns - this is about conserving energy • active when stressful stimuli has passed • more active when we’re at rest • both systems are active at all times, but one is more than other • liver then secretes bile btw

• Hans Selye’s GAS model (General Adaptation syndrome) 2. Sympatho-adreno-medllary system (SAM)

General Adaptation Syndrome • Alarm reaction - SNS, fight or flight • Resistatnce • Exhaustion

Tirrgered during alarm reaction • Hypothalamus activates SNS • SNS stimulates adrenal glands • Adrenal glands secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline • This activates organs - increased blood pressure, muscle tension etc • provides energy to cope with stressor

Network of nuclei in brain important for emotion and memory • Hypothalamus links to amygdala, important for interpreting negative emotions • Thalamus is a relay station from lowe brain to cortex • Hippcampus and amygdala important for memory • Olfactory bulb - about smell, acts as cues for memory

• Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary, releasing loads of hormons (including ACTH) • Pituitary secretes ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone) which triggers the release of endophins (painkillers) • ACTH stimulates adrenal glands to secrete corticosteroids • Releases energy supplies

• James-Lange 2. Canon-bard

1884 • Autonomic arousal and skeletal actions come first - recognition of this physiological response = emotion

Run and are afraid at the same time Although arousal, and recognition of emotion occur at the same time, they are independent signals sent to ANS and cerebral cortex

Records respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, EEG - indicates SNS arousal, but not which emotion it is, just intensity Can show a fake heart beat, this causes arousal as they think its theirs - supports james- lange - Also support by Dutton and Aron (1974)

IF james-lange is correct, paralysis of internal organs would eliminate the emotional response - LOWE & CARROL (1985) - found spinal cord lesions made less intense emotions IF canon-bard was correct, changing intensity of physical arousal should have NO EFFECT on emotion - but body gives feedback on emotion intensity

• Awareness of external stimuli and ones own mental activity • on a spectrum from fully concious to fully unconcious • levels of conciousness = degree to which you are aware of mental events

Variations of quality and nature of the mental processing avaiable to awarness Goes from deep sleep to alert wakefulness (passive vs active)

• Sleep • Hypnosis • meditation • psychoactive drugs • depressants • stimulants • opiates • hallucinogens

• depends on hypnotic susceptibility (10% resistant) - need a certain level of imagery - but if you dont want to do something you never will • Changes in brain activity - alpha waves (relaxation) • Autogenic relaxation (imagine your on a beach) vs progressive relaxation

Autogenic • imagine future scenarios in lots of detail, whilst relaxing • then when you do it, cues you see will relax you Progressive - Tense all muscles then relax them Can also use benzo’s as they relax you

Attention focuse on one thing (ommm), so your mind is completely relaxed, body slows down • Creates a trance like, altered state of concsiouesness • Alpha waves and dopamine are present • Blood flow goes to thalamus and fronal lobe • Mindfulness meditation increases grey matter

Electroencephalograph - measures amplitude and freqeuncy of brain waves - Alpha waves - rhythmis waves, relaxed

Relaxed wakefulness - alpha waves • Stage 1 - slowing of heart, less muscle tension, drowsy - need warm hadns and feet - THETA WAVEs • Stage 2 - Theta waves, sleep spindles and K-complex - unresponsive to env, eyes begin to roll under lids • Stage 3 & 4 - Slow wave sleep, slow breathing, heart and blood pressure reduced - delta waves - deep, slow • REM Sleep - Paradoxical sleep - theta and beta waves - Brain acitivity and physiological arousal resembles wafefullness, muscle paralysis, rapid eye movement - restores sensitivity to norepinephrine, create/ soldify nerve cell connections, consolidates memories and new skills - where you dream - deal with redunant stuff from the day, figure out narrative later on