DNA and Redproduction

Fusion of Male and female gametes, non identical offspring, meiosis

Genetically different, Variation of offspring

Hard to find a mate, growing offspring takes energy, slower

One parent, identical offspring, mitosis, no gametes

Less effort, dont need to find a mate, increase population, no time wasted

Genetically identical so could be wiped out by pathogens

Pollen and egg, Sperm and egg

Starts with parent cell Chromosomes copy themselves Similar chromosomes pair up (size) Sections of DNA swap - differentiate First cell division separates pairs Second cell division forms 4 genetically different gametes.

Join back up to restore original number of chromosomes.

Inter-phase - Cell grows, replicates its DNA and prepares for division. Pro-phase - the chromosomes condense into an X-shaped structure Meta-phase - Nuclear membrane breaks down and chromosomes line up in the center of the cell. Ana-phase - the sister chromatids separate from each other and are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell Telo-phase - separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells Cytokinesis - divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells

Short section of DNA that codes for a specific protein

Entire genetic material of an organism

search for genes linked to different types of disease. understand inherited disorders and their treatment. trace human migration patterns from the past

A - T T - A C - G G - C

3 bases form a codon which code for different amino acids which form a chain and fold into correct proteins

contains multiple repeating units

translating the genetic code transcribed in mRNA into an amino acid sequence

Enzymes, hormones or structures

Occur continuously and most don’t alter protein

Can switch genes on and off, so variations in this area of DNA may effect how genes are expressed

gene that an organism carries for a trait

gene that an organism carries for a physical manifestation that you can observe

Different versions of the same gene

When present, this allele always appears in phenotype