Alcohols

have the general formula ROH, with the functional group -OH referred to as a hydroxyl group; named with suffix -ol, if not highest priority named as substituent with prefix hydroxy-

benzene ring with hydroxyl groups; named for relative position of hydroxyl group: ortho- (adjacent carbons), meta- (one carbon in between), or para- (opposite sides of ring); more acidic than other alcohols because aromatic ring can delocalize the charge of the conjugate base

ability raises boiling and melting points of alcohols relative to corresponding alkanes, and increases solubility of alcohols

groups that decrease acidity because they destabilize negative charges, such as alkyl groups

groups that increase acidity because they stabilize negative charges, such as electronegative atoms and aromatic rings

only reagent that can oxidize primary alcohols only to aldehydes, would be oxidized to carboxylic acids by any stronger oxidizing agents

oxidize primary alcohols to carboxylic acids and secondary alcohols to ketones

can be oxidized to ketones by any common oxidizing agents

other forms alcohols can be converted to to make them better leaving groups for nucleophilic substitution reactions

contain functional group -SO3CH3, derived from methanesulfonic acid

structure of a mesylate anion

contain functional group -SO3C6H4CH3, derived from toluenesulfonic acid

structure of a tosylate

aldehydes and ketones can be protected by being converted to ____ and ____; formed by reacting two equivalents of an alcohol or a diol with a carbonyl

a primary carbon with two -OR groups and a H atom

a secondary carbon with two -OR groups

conversion of an acetal or ketal back to a carbonyl by catalytic acid

what is happening in the reaction towards the right

synthesized through oxidation of phenols; resonance stabilized nucleophiles

vitamin K(1); biochemically relevant quinone important for photosynthesis and carboxylation of some clotting factors in the blood

vitamin K(2); biochemically relevant quinone

a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups

contains two carbonyls and a variable number of hydroxyl groups produced by oxidation of quinones, adding a variable number of hydroxyl groups

coenzyme Q; a biologically active quinone that acts as an electron acceptor in Complexes I, II, and III of the electron transport chain