6.5 Aggression
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Identify what is meant by the term Aggression
Reactive behaviour where harm is intended, outside the rules of the sport and out of control.
Explain the difference between aggression and assertion
Aggression - intent to harm, outside the rules, reactive, out of control Assertion - no intent to harm, within the rules, well motivated, controlled
Explain what is meant by the catharsis effect
Catharsis effect - releasing of emotion, the act of letting off steam.
Identify the theories of aggression
(ASIF) - Aggressive cue hypothesis - Social learning theory - Instinct theory - Frustration aggression hypothesis
“Aggression is innate as humans have the natural trait to be aggressive. It is genetically determined and we are born with the tendency to defend ourselves. Once the aggressive act occurs, there is a cathartic effect”
Instinct theory
Describe what is suggested by the instinct theory of aggression
“Aggression is innate as humans have the natural trait to be aggressive. It is genetically determined and we are born with the tendency to defend ourselves. Once the aggressive act occurs, there is a cathartic effect”
Identify potential drawbacks regarding the instinct theory
• Effect of environment is not considered • Not innate as some people never act aggressively
“Aggression occurs when goals are blocked as there is a build up of frustration. As frustration increases the probability of an aggressive response increases”
Frustration aggression hypothesis
Describe what is suggested by the frustration aggression hypothesis
“Aggression occurs when goals are blocked as there is a build up of frustration. As frustration increases the probability of an aggressive response increases”
Identify potential drawbacks regarding the Frustration aggression hypothesis
• May experience frustration or aggression when goals have not been blocked/prevented. • An individual may become frustrated but not aggressive.
“Increased frustration will lead to increased arousal levels and a drive towards an aggressive response. This frustration could be caused through blockage of goals, instigating frustration, arousal and therefore an aggressive response. An aggressive response will ONLY occur if certain learned ‘cues’ are present to as as a stimulus: people, sport, places or objects associated with violence/aggression’”
Aggressive cue hypothesis
Describe what is suggested by the Aggressive cue hypothesis
“Increased frustration will lead to increased arousal levels and a drive towards an aggressive response. This frustration could be caused through blockage of goals, instigating frustration, arousal and therefore an aggressive response. An aggressive response will ONLY occur if certain learned ‘cues’ are present to as as a stimulus: people, sport, places or objects associated with violence/aggression’’
Give an example of the aggressive cue hypothesis
A footballer who has been praised by their coach for aggressive dangerous tackles, may learn that this is a positive behaviour and the coach acts as a cue in future matches.
“Aggression is learned by observing and copying the behaviour of others. If an aggressive act is reinforced or successful, it is more likely to be copied. Aggressive act is observed, identified, reinforced and copied”
Social learning theory
Describe what is suggested by the social learning theory of aggression
“Aggression is learned by observing and copying the behaviour of others. If an aggressive act is reinforced or successful, it is more likely to be copied. Aggressive act is observed, identified, reinforced and copied”
Identify cognitive techniques players could implement in aim to prevent aggression
• Mental rehearsal • Visualisation • Selective attention • Positive self talk
Identify somatic techniques players could implement in aim to prevent aggression
• Relaxation techniques • Deep breathing • Mantra
Identify techniques coaches could implement in aim to prevent aggression
• Praise non aggressive acts • Highlight non aggressive role models • Punish aggression • Set performance goal srather than product/result goals • Give the performer responsibility within the team • Ensure their own behaviour is not aggressive