s&r topic 4
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define enantiomers
molecules that are mirror images of each other cannot be superimposed not each other they are chiral
how do you draw enantiomers
change wedged bonds to hashed and hashed bonds to wedged or draw in a mirror line
what are 5 similarities of enantiomers of the same molecule
all physical properties are the same • mp • bp • density • IR and NMR spectra are identical • equal magnitude of optical rotation (but diff direction)
name 2 differences of enantiomers of the same molecule
• smell - direction of optical rotation
what does optical rotation of an enantiomer measure
the angle of which an enantiomer rotates a plane of polarised light so it can pass through a liquid
enantiomers that rotate light clockwise are called enantiomers that rotate light anti-clockwise are called
dextrorotary leavorotary
what is the cahn-ingold-prelog system
used to assign a numerical priority to each substituent around a chiral centre
name 3 rules of the cahn-ingold-prelog system
• substituent directly bonded to centre with the highest atomic number takes priority • if there are two isotopes of the same element bonded to the centre, the heavier isotope takes priority • if atoms directly bonded to centre are the same, consider the next atom along
how is the direction of the priority groups and therefore the label of chiral compounds found
the 4th priority group (lowest) is drawn going towards the back of the molecule/into the page and the direction is taken as 1 > 2 > 3 clockwise direction = (R) configuration (rectus) anti-clockwise = (S) configuration (sinister) if 4th priority group is not drawn at the back, the orientation must still be considered as if it were